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Ber*_*ian 6 haskell types functor

我正在尝试实现fmap以下类型:

data Tree a = Leaf a | Node a (Tree a) (Tree a) | Empty deriving (Eq,Show)
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instance Functor Tree where
        fmap _ Empty=Empty
        fmap f (Leaf x)=Leaf (f x)
        fmap f (Node t left right)=Node (f t) left right
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我不断收到类型不匹配错误:

错误

* Couldn't match type `a' with `b'
      `a' is a rigid type variable bound by
        the type signature for:
          fmap :: forall a b. (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b
        at Monad.hs:8:9-12
      `b' is a rigid type variable bound by
        the type signature for:
          fmap :: forall a b. (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b
        at Monad.hs:8:9-12
      Expected type: Tree b
        Actual type: Tree a
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为什么会出现此错误,但是当我也将其fmap应用于子节点时,它会毫无问题地进行编译:

fmap f (Node t left right) = Node (f t) (fmap f left) (fmap f right)
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这是否意味着必须a范围内的所有-s会Tree以某种方式变为b-s?我只在第一种情况下与非功能者打交道?^

Jon*_*rdy 8

这是否意味着必须a范围内的所有-s会Tree以某种方式变为b-s?我只在第一种情况下与非功能者打交道?^

是的,这是正确的。您正在尝试实现fmap :: (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b,但是在编写时:

fmap f (Node t left right) = Node (f t) left right
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你试图调用Node :: b -> Tree b -> Tree b -> Tree b带参数f t :: bleft :: Tree aright :: Tree a。将a Tree a变成a 的唯一方法Tree b是via fmap f :: Tree a -> Tree b,这就是为什么这样:

fmap f (Node t left right) = Node (f t) (fmap f left) (fmap f right)
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可以正常工作。