我编写了一个程序,在python和C中编写了一个从2到给定数字的素数列表。我运行了两个程序,以寻找素数达到相同数的素数,并在活动监视器中查看了它们各自的过程。我发现python实现使用的内存恰好是C实现的9倍。为什么python需要这么多的内存,为什么那个特定的倍数存储相同的整数数组?这是该程序的两种实现:
Python版本:
import math
import sys
top = int(input('Please enter the highest number you would like to have checked: '))
num = 3
prime_list = [2]
while num <= top:
n = 0
prime = True
while int(prime_list[n]) <= math.sqrt(num):
if num % prime_list[n] == 0:
prime = False
n = 0
break
n = n + 1
if prime == True:
prime_list.append(num)
prime = False
num = num + 1
print("I found ", len(prime_list), " primes")
print("The largest prime I found was ", prime_list[-1])
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C版:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(){
int N;
int arraySize = 1;
int *primes = malloc(100*sizeof(int));
int isPrime = 1;
primes[0] = 2;
int timesRealloc = 0;
int availableSlots = 100;
printf("Please enter the largest number you want checked: \n");
scanf("%d", &N);
int j = 0;
int i;
for (i = 3; i <= N; i+=2){
j = 0;
isPrime = 1;
while (primes[j] <= sqrt(i)) {
if (i%primes[j] == 0) {
isPrime = 0;
break;
}
j++;
}
if (isPrime == 1){
primes[arraySize] = i;
arraySize++;
}
if (availableSlots == arraySize){
timesRealloc++;
availableSlots += 100;
primes = realloc(primes, availableSlots*sizeof(int));
}
}
printf("I found %d primes\n", arraySize);
printf("Memory was reallocated %d times\n", timesRealloc);
printf("The largest prime I found was %d\n", primes[(arraySize-1)]);
return 0;
}
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>>> import sys
>>> sys.getsizeof(123456)
28
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那是C大小的7倍int。在Python 3中,整数是struct _longobjectaka的实例PyLong:
struct _longobject {
PyVarObject ob_base;
digit ob_digit[1];
};
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这里PyVarObject是
typedef struct {
PyObject ob_base;
Py_ssize_t ob_size;
} PyVarObject;
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并且PyObject是
typedef struct _object {
Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
struct _typeobject *ob_type;
} PyObject;
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由此,我们在64位Python构建中获得了该对象123456的以下内存使用情况:
Py_ssize_t)&PyLong_Type(类型的指针)的8个字节PyTypeObject *Py_ssize_t)由于前12位适合123456,因此总计为28,或者 7 * sizeof (int)
除了Python中的每个元素list都是PyObject *指向实际对象的事实之外;这些指针在64位Python构建中都是64位;这意味着每个列表元素引用单独消耗的内存是C的两倍int。
将7和2加在一起,得到9。
要获得更具存储效率的代码,可以使用array ; 使用类型代码时'i',内存消耗应该非常接近C版本。array有了的append方法,数组的增长比在C / with中还要容易realloc。