如何在 Rust 中提供通用结构的实现?

man*_*anu 14 generics struct rust

我有一个MyStruct采用泛型参数的结构,T: SomeTrait我想newMyStruct. 这有效:

/// Constraint for the type parameter `T` in MyStruct
pub trait SomeTrait: Clone {}

/// The struct that I want to construct with `new`
pub struct MyStruct<T: SomeTrait> {
    value: T,
}

fn new<T: SomeTrait>(t: T) -> MyStruct<T> {
    MyStruct { value: t }
}

fn main() {}
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我想把这个new函数放在一个impl像这样的块中:

impl MyStruct {
    fn new<T: SomeTrait>(t: T) -> MyStruct<T> {
        MyStruct { value: t }
    }
}
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但这无法编译:

error[E0107]: wrong number of type arguments: expected 1, found 0
 --> src/main.rs:9:6
  |
9 | impl MyStruct {
  |      ^^^^^^^^ expected 1 type argument
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如果我试着这样说:

impl MyStruct<T> {
    fn new(t: T) -> MyStruct<T> {
        MyStruct { value: t }
    }
}
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错误更改为:

error[E0412]: cannot find type `T` in this scope
 --> src/main.rs:9:15
  |
9 | impl MyStruct<T> {
  |               ^ not found in this scope
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如何提供通用结构的实现?我在哪里放置通用参数及其约束?

And*_*kin 16

类型参数<T: SomeTrait>应该紧跟在impl关键字之后:

impl<T: SomeTrait> MyStruct<T> {
    fn new(t: T) -> Self {
        MyStruct { value: t }
    }
}
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如果类型和约束的列表impl<...>变得太长,您可以使用where-syntax 并单独列出约束:

impl<T> MyStruct<T>
where
    T: SomeTrait,
{
    fn new(t: T) -> Self {
        MyStruct { value: t }
    }
}
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注意 的用法Self,这是块MyStruct<T>内部可用的快捷方式impl


评论

  1. 这个答案impl<T>解释了为什么需要的原因。从本质上讲,它归结为一个事实,即和都是有效的,但意味着不同的东西。impl<T> MyStruct<T>impl MyStruct<T>

  2. 当你new进入impl块时,你应该删除多余的类型参数,否则你的结构的接口将变得不可用,如下例所示:

    // trait SomeTrait and struct MyStruct as above
    // [...]
    
    impl<T> MyStruct<T>
    where
        T: SomeTrait,
    {
        fn new<S: SomeTrait>(t: S) -> MyStruct<S> {
            MyStruct { value: t }
        }
    }
    
    impl SomeTrait for u64 {}
    impl SomeTrait for u128 {}
    
    fn main() {
        // just a demo of problematic code, don't do this!
        let a: MyStruct<u128> = MyStruct::<u64>::new::<u128>(1234);
        //                                 ^
        //                                 |
        //        This is an irrelevant type
        //        that cannot be inferred. Not only will the compiler
        //        force you to provide an irrelevant type, it will also
        //        not prevent you from passing incoherent junk as type
        //        argument, as this example demonstrates. This happens 
        //        because `S` and `T` are completely unrelated.
    }
    
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