如何将节从ELF输出文件映射到段?

rso*_*onx 4 x86 assembly gcc elf osdev

好吧,我已经在程序集中编写了一个引导加载程序,并尝试从中加载C内核。

这是引导程序:

bits 16
xor ax,ax
jmp 0x0000:boot

extern kernel_main

global boot
boot:
    mov ah, 0x02             ; load second stage to memory
    mov al, 1                ; numbers of sectors to read into memory
    mov dl, 0x80             ; sector read from fixed/usb disk ;0 for floppy; 0x80 for hd
    mov ch, 0                ; cylinder number
    mov dh, 0                ; head number
    mov cl, 2                ; sector number
    mov bx, 0x8000           ; load into es:bx segment :offset of buffer
    int 0x13                 ; disk I/O interrupt

    mov ax, 0x2401
    int 0x15 ; enable A20 bit
    mov ax, 0x3
    int 0x10 ; set vga text mode 3


    cli

    lgdt [gdt_pointer] ; load the gdt table
    mov eax, cr0
    or eax,0x1 ; set the protected mode bit on special CPU reg cr0
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:boot2 ; long jump to the code segment


gdt_start:
    dq 0x0
gdt_code:
    dw 0xFFFF
    dw 0x0
    db 0x0
    db 10011010b
    db 11001111b
    db 0x0
gdt_data:
    dw 0xFFFF
    dw 0x0
    db 0x0
    db 10010010b
    db 11001111b
    db 0x0
gdt_end:


gdt_pointer:
    dw gdt_end - gdt_start
    dd gdt_start
CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

bits 32
boot2:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax
    mov ss, ax

;    mov esi,hello
;    mov ebx,0xb8000
;.loop:
;    lodsb
;    or al,al
;    jz haltz
;    or eax,0x0100
;    mov word [ebx], ax
;    add ebx,2
;    jmp .loop
;haltz:
;hello: db "Hello world!",0

mov esp,kernel_stack_top
jmp kernel_main

cli
hlt

times 510 -($-$$) db 0
dw 0xaa55

section .bss
align 4
kernel_stack_bottom: equ $
    resb 16384 ; 16 KB
kernel_stack_top:
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这是C内核:

__asm__("cli\n");
void kernel_main(void){
  const char string[] = "012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012";
  volatile unsigned char* vid_mem = (unsigned char*) 0xb8000;
  int j=0;
  while(string[j]!='\0'){

    *vid_mem++ = (unsigned char) string[j++];
    *vid_mem++ = 0x09;
  }

for(;;);

}
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现在,我将两个源分别编译为ELF输出文件。然后通过链接描述文件链接它们,并输出一个原始二进制文件,并用qemu加载它。

链接描述文件:

ENTRY(boot)
OUTPUT_FORMAT("binary")

SECTIONS{
  . = 0x7c00;

  .boot1 : {
    *(.boot)
  }

  .kernel : AT(0x7e00){
    *(.text)
    *(.rodata)
    *(.data)
    _bss_start = .;
    *(.bss)
    *(COMMON)
    _bss_end = .;
    *(.comment)
    *(.symtab)
    *(.shstrtab)
    *(.strtab)
  }
  /DISCARD/ : {
        *(.eh_frame)
  }

}
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使用构建脚本:

nasm -f elf32 boot.asm -o boot.o
/home/rakesh/Desktop/cross-compiler/i686-elf-4.9.1-Linux-x86_64/bin/i686-elf-gcc -m32 kernel.c -o kernel.o -e kernel_main -Ttext 0x0 -nostdlib -ffreestanding -std=gnu99 -mno-red-zone -fno-exceptions -nostdlib  -Wall -Wextra
/home/rakesh/Desktop/cross-compiler/i686-elf-4.9.1-Linux-x86_64/bin/i686-elf-ld boot.o kernel.o -o kernel.bin -T linker3.ld
qemu-system-x86_64 kernel.bin
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但是我遇到了一个小问题。注意C内核中的字符串

const char string[] = "012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012";
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当其大小等于或小于64个字节时(以及空终止符)。然后程序可以正常工作。

在此处输入图片说明

但是,当字符串大小从64个字节增加时,该程序似乎无法正常工作

在此处输入图片说明

我自己尝试调试它,发现当字符串大小小于或等于64个字节时,输出的ELF文件kernel.o具有以下内容:

ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 
  Class:                             ELF32
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              EXEC (Executable file)
  Machine:                           Intel 80386
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x1
  Start of program headers:          52 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          4412 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               52 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           32 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         1
  Size of section headers:           40 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         7
  Section header string table index: 4

Section Headers:
  [Nr] Name              Type            Addr     Off    Size   ES Flg Lk Inf Al
  [ 0]                   NULL            00000000 000000 000000 00      0   0  0
  [ 1] .text             PROGBITS        00000000 001000 0000bd 00  AX  0   0  1
  [ 2] .eh_frame         PROGBITS        000000c0 0010c0 000034 00   A  0   0  4
  [ 3] .comment          PROGBITS        00000000 0010f4 000011 01  MS  0   0  1
  [ 4] .shstrtab         STRTAB          00000000 001105 000034 00      0   0  1
  [ 5] .symtab           SYMTAB          00000000 001254 0000a0 10      6   6  4
  [ 6] .strtab           STRTAB          00000000 0012f4 00002e 00      0   0  1
Key to Flags:
  W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
  L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
  C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
  p (processor specific)

There are no section groups in this file.

Program Headers:
  Type           Offset   VirtAddr   PhysAddr   FileSiz MemSiz  Flg Align
  LOAD           0x001000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x000f4 0x000f4 R E 0x1000

 Section to Segment mapping:
  Segment Sections...
   00     .text .eh_frame 

There is no dynamic section in this file.

There are no relocations in this file.

The decoding of unwind sections for machine type Intel 80386 is not currently supported.

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 10 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
     0: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT  UND 
     1: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1 
     2: 000000c0     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    2 
     3: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    3 
     4: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS kernel.c
     5: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS 
     6: 00000001   188 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 kernel_main
     7: 000010f4     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    2 __bss_start
     8: 000010f4     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    2 _edata
     9: 000010f4     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    2 _end

No version information found in this file.
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但是,当字符串的大小超过64个字节时,内容如下:

ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 
  Class:                             ELF32
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              EXEC (Executable file)
  Machine:                           Intel 80386
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x1
  Start of program headers:          52 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          4432 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               52 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           32 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         1
  Size of section headers:           40 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         8
  Section header string table index: 5

Section Headers:
  [Nr] Name              Type            Addr     Off    Size   ES Flg Lk Inf Al
  [ 0]                   NULL            00000000 000000 000000 00      0   0  0
  [ 1] .text             PROGBITS        00000000 001000 000083 00  AX  0   0  1
  [ 2] .rodata           PROGBITS        00000084 001084 000041 00   A  0   0  4
  [ 3] .eh_frame         PROGBITS        000000c8 0010c8 000038 00   A  0   0  4
  [ 4] .comment          PROGBITS        00000000 001100 000011 01  MS  0   0  1
  [ 5] .shstrtab         STRTAB          00000000 001111 00003c 00      0   0  1
  [ 6] .symtab           SYMTAB          00000000 001290 0000b0 10      7   7  4
  [ 7] .strtab           STRTAB          00000000 001340 00002e 00      0   0  1
Key to Flags:
  W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
  L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
  C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
  p (processor specific)

There are no section groups in this file.

Program Headers:
  Type           Offset   VirtAddr   PhysAddr   FileSiz MemSiz  Flg Align
  LOAD           0x001000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00100 0x00100 R E 0x1000

 Section to Segment mapping:
  Segment Sections...
   00     .text .rodata .eh_frame 

There is no dynamic section in this file.

There are no relocations in this file.

The decoding of unwind sections for machine type Intel 80386 is not currently supported.

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 11 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
     0: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT  UND 
     1: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1 
     2: 00000084     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    2 
     3: 000000c8     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    3 
     4: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    4 
     5: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS kernel.c
     6: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS 
     7: 00000001   130 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 kernel_main
     8: 00001100     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    3 __bss_start
     9: 00001100     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    3 _edata
    10: 00001100     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    3 _end

No version information found in this file.
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我注意到该字符串现在位于.rodata节中,其大小为41个十六进制或65个字节,必须将其映射到一个段,可能是第0个段为NULL。并且该程序无法找到.rodata。

我无法使其工作。我了解ELF的结构,但不知道如何使用它们。

Mic*_*tch 5

导致大多数问题的两个严重问题是:

  • 当所有代码都希望在引导加载程序0x0000:0x7e00之后加载内核时,将磁盘的第二个扇区加载到0x0000:0x8000
  • kernel.c直接将其编译为可执行文件名称kernel.o。您应该将其编译为适当的目标文件,以便在运行时可以经历预期的链接阶段ld

要解决将内核加载到错误的内存位置的问题,请更改:

mov bx, 0x8000           ; load into es:bx segment :offset of buffer
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至:

mov bx, 0x7e00           ; load into es:bx segment :offset of buffer
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要解决编译kernel.c为名为ELF的可执行ELF文件的问题,请kernel.o删除-e kernel_main -Ttext 0x0并将其替换为-c-c选项强制GCC生成可以与LD正确链接的目标文件。更改:

/home/rakesh/Desktop/cross-compiler/i686-elf-4.9.1-Linux-x86_64/bin/i686-elf-gcc -m32 kernel.c -o kernel.o -e kernel_main -Ttext 0x0 -nostdlib -ffreestanding -std=gnu99 -mno-red-zone -fno-exceptions -nostdlib  -Wall -Wextra
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至:

/home/rakesh/Desktop/cross-compiler/i686-elf-4.9.1-Linux-x86_64/bin/i686-elf-gcc -m32 -c kernel.c -o kernel.o -nostdlib -ffreestanding -std=gnu99 -mno-red-zone -fno-exceptions -Wall -Wextra
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长字符串失败的原因

少于64个字节的字符串起作用的原因是因为编译器通过使用立即值初始化堆栈上的数组来以与位置无关的方式生成代码。当大小达到64个字节时,编译器将字符串放入.rodata节中,然后通过从.rodata。复制复制数组来初始化数组。这使您的代码位置依赖。您的代码以错误的偏移量加载,并且具有不正确的原点,从而产生了引用不正确地址的代码,因此失败。


其他观察

  • .bss调用之前,应将BSS()部分初始化为0 kernel_main。可以在组装中通过迭代从偏移量_bss_start到偏移量的所有字节来完成_bss_end
  • .comment部分将被发送到您的二进制文件中,从而浪费字节。您应该将其放在该/DISCARD/部分中。
  • 您应将BSS部分放在链接脚本中的所有其他命令之后,以免占用空间。 kernel.bin
  • 在读取磁盘扇区之前,应在开始处附近boot.asm设置SS:SP(堆栈指针)。应该将其设置在不会干扰您代码的位置。当从磁盘读取数据到内存时,这尤其重要,因为您不知道BIOS将当前堆栈放置在哪里。您不想在当前堆栈区域的顶部阅读。将其设置在引导加载程序的正下方0x0000:0x7c00应该可以。
  • 在调用C代码之前,您应该清除方向标志,以确保字符串指令使用前移。您可以使用CLD来做到这一点指令操作。
  • boot.asm你可以让你的代码更通用的使用由BIOS中所传递的引导驱动器号DL注册而不是硬编码它的值0x80(0x80的是第一个硬盘驱动器)
  • 您可能考虑使用打开优化-O3,或使用优化级别-Os来优化代码大小。
  • 尽管链接器脚本会产生正确的结果,但它并不能完全按照您期望的方式工作。您从未.bootNASM文件中声明过节,因此.boot1链接器脚本的输出节中实际上没有放置任何内容。它的工作原理,因为它被包含在.text在部分.kernel输出部分。
  • 最好从程序集文件中删除填充和启动签名,然后将其移至链接描述文件。
  • 与其让链接描述文件直接输出二进制文件,不如将其输出为默认的ELF可执行格式。然后,您可以使用OBJCOPY将ELF文件转换为二进制文件。这使您可以使用调试信息进行构建,这些信息将作为ELF可执行文件的一部分出现。ELF可执行文件可用于在QEMU中符号调试二进制内核。
  • 与其直接使用LD进行链接,不如使用GCC。这样的优点是libgcc可以在不指定库的完整路径的情况下添加库。libgcc是用GCC生成C代码可能需要的一组例程

修改后的源代码,链接器脚本和构建命令,并考虑到上述观察:

boot.asm

bits 16

section .boot

extern kernel_main
extern _bss_start
extern _bss_len

global boot

    jmp 0x0000:boot
boot:
    ; Place realmode stack pointer below bootloader where it doesn't
    ; get in our way
    xor ax, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x7c00

    mov ah, 0x02             ; load second stage to memory
    mov al, 1                ; numbers of sectors to read into memory

;   Remove this, DL is already set by BIOS to current boot drive number
;    mov dl, 0x80             ; sector read from fixed/usb disk ;0 for floppy; 0x80 for hd
    mov ch, 0                ; cylinder number
    mov dh, 0                ; head number
    mov cl, 2                ; sector number
    mov bx, 0x7e00           ; load into es:bx segment :offset of buffer
    int 0x13                 ; disk I/O interrupt

    mov ax, 0x2401
    int 0x15 ; enable A20 bit
    mov ax, 0x3
    int 0x10 ; set vga text mode 3


    cli

    lgdt [gdt_pointer] ; load the gdt table
    mov eax, cr0
    or eax,0x1 ; set the protected mode bit on special CPU reg cr0
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:boot2 ; long jump to the code segment


gdt_start:
    dq 0x0
gdt_code:
    dw 0xFFFF
    dw 0x0
    db 0x0
    db 10011010b
    db 11001111b
    db 0x0
gdt_data:
    dw 0xFFFF
    dw 0x0
    db 0x0
    db 10010010b
    db 11001111b
    db 0x0
gdt_end:


gdt_pointer:
    dw gdt_end - gdt_start
    dd gdt_start
CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

bits 32
boot2:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax
    mov ss, ax

    ; Zero out the BSS area
    cld
    mov edi, _bss_start
    mov ecx, _bss_len
    xor eax, eax
    rep stosb

    mov esp,kernel_stack_top
    call kernel_main

    cli
    hlt


section .bss
align 4
kernel_stack_bottom: equ $
    resb 16384 ; 16 KB
kernel_stack_top:
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kernel.c

void kernel_main(void){
  const char string[] = "01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234";
  volatile unsigned char* vid_mem = (unsigned char*) 0xb8000;
  int j=0;
  while(string[j]!='\0'){

    *vid_mem++ = (unsigned char) string[j++];
    *vid_mem++ = 0x09;
  }

for(;;);

}
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linker3.ld

ENTRY(boot)

SECTIONS{
  . = 0x7c00;

  .boot1 : {
    *(.boot);
  }

  .sig : AT(0x7dfe){
     SHORT(0xaa55);
  }

  . = 0x7e00;
  .kernel : AT(0x7e00){
    *(.text);
    *(.rodata*);
    *(.data);
    _bss_start = .;
    *(.bss);
    *(COMMON);
    _bss_end = .;
    _bss_len = _bss_end - _bss_start;
  }
  /DISCARD/ : {
    *(.eh_frame);
    *(.comment);
  }

}
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生成该引导程序和内核的命令:

nasm -g -F dwarf -f elf32 boot.asm -o boot.o
i686-elf-gcc -g -O3 -m32 kernel.c -c -o kernel.o -ffreestanding -std=gnu99 \
    -mno-red-zone -fno-exceptions -Wall -Wextra    
i686-elf-gcc -nostdlib -Wl,--build-id=none -T linker3.ld boot.o kernel.o \
    -lgcc -o kernel.elf
objcopy -O binary kernel.elf kernel.bin
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要使用QEMU符号调试32位内核,可以通过以下方式启动QEMU

qemu-system-i386 -fda kernel.bin -S -s &
gdb kernel.elf \
        -ex 'target remote localhost:1234' \
        -ex 'break *kernel_main' \
        -ex 'layout src' \
        -ex 'continue'
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这将kernel.binQEMU中启动您的文件,然后远程连接GDB调试器。布局应显示源代码并继续kernel_main