MySQL EXCEPT equivalent

Question

I am looking for MySQL equivalent or equivalents for the following query:

(select course_id
from section
where semester = 'Fall' and year= 2009)
except
(select course_id
from section
where semester = 'Spring' and year= 2010);

where the section table is:

+-----------+--------+----------+------+----------+-------------+--------------+
| course_id | sec_id | semester | year | building | room_number | time_slot_id |
+-----------+--------+----------+------+----------+-------------+--------------+
| BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 | Painter  | 514         | B            |
| BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 | Painter  | 514         | A            |
| CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 | Packard  | 101         | H            |
| CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 | Packard  | 101         | F            |
| CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 | Taylor   | 3128        | E            |
| CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 | Taylor   | 3128        | A            |
| CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 | Watson   | 120         | D            |
| CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 | Watson   | 100         | B            |
| CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 | Taylor   | 3128        | C            |
| CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 | Taylor   | 3128        | A            |
| EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 | Taylor   | 3128        | C            |
| EE-302    | 1      | Summer   | 2010 | Watson   | 327         | C            |
| FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 | Packard  | 101         | B            |
| HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 | Painter  | 514         | C            |
| MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 | Packard  | 101         | D            |
| PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 | Watson   | 100         | A            |
+-----------+--------+----------+------+----------+-------------+--------------+

In other words I want to find all courses taught in the Fall 2009 semester but not in the Spring 2010 semester.

Answer 1

MySQL doesn't support except, so just use not exists or not in:

select courseid
from section sf
where semester = 'Fall' and year = 2009 and not exists
      (select 1
       from section ss
       where sf.courseid = ss.courseid and ss.semester = 'Spring' and ss.year = 2010
      );

（我更喜欢，not exists因为它对价值观有更直观的支持NULL。）

这并不准确，因为except删除了重复项。你可以使用select distinct，但我怀疑这是否真的需要。