Tom*_*mE8 10 python constants configuration-files python-3.x
我在python中编写一个包含许多常量变量的程序.我想创建一个文件,它将保存所有这些变量,如C中包含许多#define的.h文件.我尝试使用configparser但是我发现使用它并不容易.
你知道更好的方法吗?
sch*_*tte 18
Python不允许像C或C++那样的常量声明.
通常在Python中,常量是大写的(PEP 8标准),这有助于程序员知道它是常量.
防爆. MY_CONSTANT = "Whatever"
另一种有效的方法,我不会使用,但听说过,使用的方法是:
def MY_CONSTANT():
return "Whatever"
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从理论上讲,调用MY_CONSTANT()
行为就像一个常量.
编辑
就像评论所说,有人可以通过致电改变价值
MY_CONSTANT = lambda: 'Something else'
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但是不要忘记同一个人可以MY_CONSTANT = "Something else"
在第一个例子中调用并更改初始值.在这两种情况下都不太可能,但可能.
Eve*_*awk 10
Python 3.8 引入了typing.Final
类型限定符,用于指示不应重新分配、重新定义或覆盖变量或属性。
from typing import Final
# Annotate module variables
# (with or without an explicit type, using the syntax Final[<type>])
# (type is auto-determined in absence of an explicit type)
PI: Final[float] = 3.141592654
ANSWER_TO_EVERYTHING: Final = 42
# Annotate instance variables in class bodies
# (explicit type is needed if no value is assigned)
class Point:
x: Final[int]
y: Final = 0
def __init__(self, x: int):
self.x = x
# Annotate instance variables directly
# (only allowed in __init__ methods)
class Person:
def __init__(self, birth_year: int):
self.birth_year: Final = birth_year
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如果您重新分配或重新定义Final
变量,Linter 和类型检查器将向您显示警告。请注意,没有运行时检查,因此您仍然可以运行下面的代码。
ANSWER_TO_EVERYTHING: Final = 42
ANSWER_TO_EVERYTHING = 420 # shows warning
print(ANSWER_TO_EVERYTHING) # prints 420
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还有typing.final
装饰器,用于限制继承类和覆盖方法。
Python中没有常量,就像C或Java中的常量一样。您可以通过函数来模仿它们:
def FOO():
return "foo"
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您可以将函数调用包装在一个属性中,从而使其看起来像一个变量:
class Const:
@property
def FOO(self):
return "foo"
CONST = Const() # You need an instance
if something == CONST.FOO:
...
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借助一些元数据,可以使用简洁的语法获取无法设置的属性:
def const(cls):
# Replace a class's attributes with properties,
# and itself with an instance of its doppelganger.
is_special = lambda name: (name.startswith("__") and name.endswith("__"))
class_contents = {n: getattr(cls, n) for n in vars(cls) if not is_special(n)}
def unbind(value): # Get the value out of the lexical closure.
return lambda self: value
propertified_contents = {name: property(unbind(value))
for (name, value) in class_contents.items()}
receptor = type(cls.__name__, (object,), propertified_contents)
return receptor() # Replace with an instance, so properties work.
@const
class Paths(object):
home = "/home"
null = "/dev/null"
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现在,您可以Paths.home
按常规值访问,但不能为其分配值。您可以定义多个用修饰的类@const
,因为您可能会使用多个.h
文件。
你可以使用这样的东西:
文件结构:
myapp/
__init__.py
settings.py
main.py
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设置.py
CONST_A = 'A'
CONST_B = 'B'
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__init__.py
from . import settings as global_settings
class Settings:
def __init__(self):
for setting in dir(global_settings):
if setting.isupper():
setattr(self, setting, getattr(global_settings, setting))
def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
if not getattr(self, attr, None):
super().__setattr__(attr, value)
else:
raise TypeError("'constant' does not support item assignment")
settings = Settings()
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主文件
import settings
print(settings.CONST_A) # prints A
settings.CONST_A = 'C' # raises TypeError error
print(settings.CONST_A) # prints A
settings.CONST_C = 'C' # also able to add new constants
print(settings.CONST_C) # prints C
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在Settings类中覆盖 __setattr__使所有属性都为只读。唯一的要求是将settings.py 中的所有常量都用大写字母书写。但请注意,如果您直接导入变量,它将无法正常工作:
from settings import CONST_A
print(settings.CONST_A) # prints A
settings.CONST_A = 'C' # sets C
print(settings.CONST_A) # prints C
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