这是以下帖子的后续问题(不需要检查链接即可理解问题)
我们将idCounterStudent 类设置为类变量,并计算创建的实例数。
这是班级:
class Student:
# A student ID counter
idCounter = 0
def __init__(self):
self.gpa = 0
self.record = {}
# Each time I create a new student, the idCounter increment
Student.idCounter += 1
self.name = 'Student {0}'.format(Student.idCounter)
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现在,我们实例化一些实例,然后检查 的值idCounter:
student1 = Student()
student2 = Student()
student3 = Student()
student4 = Student()
Student.idCounter
4
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但是,如果您可以这样做,那么维护计数器就变得毫无意义:
Student.idCounter = 2000
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现在创建新实例:
student5 = Student()
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并检查idCounter:
Student.idCounter
2001
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idCounter可以简单地搞砸计数器而无需运行__init__。
如何创建一个仅在__init__运行时递增的计数器(或任何类变量)?并且不能通过从类中调用类变量来独立修改,如上所示。
是否有一种通用方法来限制使用语法修改类变量?
ClassName.ClassVariable = new_value
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谢谢。
改进版本,property但原理相同:
class Meta(type):
def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
cls.__value = 0
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@property
def idCounter(cls):
return cls.__value
class Student(metaclass=Meta):
def __init__(self):
self.__class__._Meta__value += 1
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现在:
>>> s1 = Student()
>>> Student.idCounter
1
>>> s2 = Student()
>>> Student.idCounter
2
>>> Student.idCounter = 100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-64-a525899df18d> in <module>()
----> 1 Student.idCounter = 100
AttributeError: can't set attribute
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使用描述符和元类:
class Counter:
def __init__(self):
self.value = 0
def __get__(self, instance, cls):
return getattr(instance, '_{}__hidden_counter'.format(instance.__name__ ))
def __set__(self, instance, value):
raise NotImplementedError
class Meta(type):
idCounter = Counter()
class Student(metaclass=Meta):
__hidden_counter = 0
def __init__(self):
Student.__hidden_counter += 1
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似乎实现了这一点:
>>> s1 = Student()
>>> Student.idCounter
1
>>> s2 = Student()
>>> Student.idCounter
2
>>> Student.idCounter = 200
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NotImplementedError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-51-dc2483b583f6> in <module>()
----> 1 Student.idCounter = 200
<ipython-input-46-b21e03bf3cb3> in __set__(self, instance, value)
5 return getattr(instance, '_{}__hidden_counter'.format(instance.__name__ ))
6 def __set__(self, instance, value):
----> 7 raise NotImplementedError
8
9 class Meta(type):
NotImplementedError:
>>> Student.idCounter
2
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这仍然可以被故意打破:
>>> Student._Student__hidden_counter = 100
>>> Student.idCounter
100
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但并非偶然。