raf*_*ira 4 r spatial geospatial spdep
我想创建一个地图,显示两个变量之间的双变量空间相关性。这可以通过制作双变量 Moran's I 空间相关性的 LISA 图或使用Lee (2001)提出的 L 指数来完成。
双变量 Moran's I 没有在spdep库中实现,但 L 索引是,所以这里是我尝试使用 L 索引但没有成功的方法。显示基于 Moran's I 的解决方案的答案也将非常受欢迎!
从下面的可重现示例中可以看出,到目前为止,我已经设法计算了局部 L 索引。我想要做的是估计伪 p 值并创建一个结果地图,就像我们在 LISA 空间集群中使用的那些地图一样,具有 high-high、high-low、...、low-low。
在此示例中,目标是创建一个地图,其中包含黑人和白人人口之间的双变量 Lisa 关联。地图应在 中创建ggplot2,显示集群:
library(UScensus2000tract)
library(ggplot2)
library(spdep)
library(sf)
# load data
data("oregon.tract")
# plot Census Tract map
plot(oregon.tract)
# Variables to use in the correlation: white and black population in each census track
x <- scale(oregon.tract$white)
y <- scale(oregon.tract$black)
# create Queen contiguity matrix and Spatial weights matrix
nb <- poly2nb(oregon.tract)
lw <- nb2listw(nb)
# Lee index
Lxy <-lee(x, y, lw, length(x), zero.policy=TRUE)
# Lee’s L statistic (Global)
Lxy[1]
#> -0.1865688811
# 10k permutations to estimate pseudo p-values
LMCxy <- lee.mc(x, y, nsim=10000, lw, zero.policy=TRUE, alternative="less")
# quik plot of local L
Lxy[[2]] %>% density() %>% plot() # Lee’s local L statistic (Local)
LMCxy[[7]] %>% density() %>% lines(col="red") # plot values simulated 10k times
# get confidence interval of 95% ( mean +- 2 standard deviations)
two_sd_above <- mean(LMCxy[[7]]) + 2 * sd(LMCxy[[7]])
two_sd_below <- mean(LMCxy[[7]]) - 2 * sd(LMCxy[[7]])
# convert spatial object to sf class for easier/faster use
oregon_sf <- st_as_sf(oregon.tract)
# add L index values to map object
oregon_sf$Lindex <- Lxy[[2]]
# identify significant local results
oregon_sf$sig <- if_else( oregon_sf$Lindex < 2*two_sd_below, 1, if_else( oregon_sf$Lindex > 2*two_sd_above, 1, 0))
# Map of Local L index but only the significant results
ggplot() + geom_sf(data=oregon_sf, aes(fill=ifelse( sig==T, Lindex, NA)), color=NA)
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那这个呢?
我正在使用常规的 Moran's I 而不是您建议的 Lee Index。但我认为基本的推理几乎相同。
正如您可能在下面看到的那样 - 以这种方式产生的结果与来自 GeoDA 的结果非常相似
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(sf)
library(spdep)
library(rgdal)
library(stringr)
library(UScensus2000tract)
#======================================================
# load data
data("oregon.tract")
# Variables to use in the correlation: white and black population in each census track
x <- oregon.tract$white
y <- oregon.tract$black
#======================================================
# Programming some functions
# Bivariate Moran's I
moran_I <- function(x, y = NULL, W){
if(is.null(y)) y = x
xp <- (x - mean(x, na.rm=T))/sd(x, na.rm=T)
yp <- (y - mean(y, na.rm=T))/sd(y, na.rm=T)
W[which(is.na(W))] <- 0
n <- nrow(W)
global <- (xp%*%W%*%yp)/(n - 1)
local <- (xp*W%*%yp)
list(global = global, local = as.numeric(local))
}
# Permutations for the Bivariate Moran's I
simula_moran <- function(x, y = NULL, W, nsims = 1000){
if(is.null(y)) y = x
n = nrow(W)
IDs = 1:n
xp <- (x - mean(x, na.rm=T))/sd(x, na.rm=T)
W[which(is.na(W))] <- 0
global_sims = NULL
local_sims = matrix(NA, nrow = n, ncol=nsims)
ID_sample = sample(IDs, size = n*nsims, replace = T)
y_s = y[ID_sample]
y_s = matrix(y_s, nrow = n, ncol = nsims)
y_s <- (y_s - apply(y_s, 1, mean))/apply(y_s, 1, sd)
global_sims <- as.numeric( (xp%*%W%*%y_s)/(n - 1) )
local_sims <- (xp*W%*%y_s)
list(global_sims = global_sims,
local_sims = local_sims)
}
#======================================================
# Adjacency Matrix (Queen)
nb <- poly2nb(oregon.tract)
lw <- nb2listw(nb, style = "B", zero.policy = T)
W <- as(lw, "symmetricMatrix")
W <- as.matrix(W/rowSums(W))
W[which(is.na(W))] <- 0
#======================================================
# Calculating the index and its simulated distribution
# for global and local values
m <- moran_I(x, y, W)
m[[1]] # global value
m_i <- m[[2]] # local values
local_sims <- simula_moran(x, y, W)$local_sims
# Identifying the significant values
alpha <- .05 # for a 95% confidence interval
probs <- c(alpha/2, 1-alpha/2)
intervals <- t( apply(local_sims, 1, function(x) quantile(x, probs=probs)))
sig <- ( m_i < intervals[,1] ) | ( m_i > intervals[,2] )
#======================================================
# Preparing for plotting
oregon.tract <- st_as_sf(oregon.tract)
oregon.tract$sig <- sig
# Identifying the LISA patterns
xp <- (x-mean(x))/sd(x)
yp <- (y-mean(y))/sd(y)
patterns <- as.character( interaction(xp > 0, W%*%yp > 0) )
patterns <- patterns %>%
str_replace_all("TRUE","High") %>%
str_replace_all("FALSE","Low")
patterns[oregon.tract$sig==0] <- "Not significant"
oregon.tract$patterns <- patterns
# Plotting
ggplot() + geom_sf(data=oregon.tract, aes(fill=patterns), color="NA") +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "pink", "light blue", "dark blue", "grey95")) +
theme_minimal()
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通过更改置信区间(例如使用 90% 而不是 95%),您可以获得更接近(但不完全相同)的 GeoDa 结果。
我想其余的差异来自计算 Moran's I 的稍微不同的方法。我的版本给出moran了包中可用的该函数的相同值spdep。但 GeoDa 可能使用另一种方法。
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