使用类作为方法装饰器

Ara*_*Fey 3 python class decorator python-decorators

虽然有很多关于使用类作为装饰器的资源,但我还没有找到任何处理装饰方法问题的资源。这个问题的目标是解决这个问题。我将发布我自己的解决方案,但当然也邀请其他所有人发布他们的解决方案。


为什么“标准”实现不起作用

标准装饰器类实现的问题在于,python 不会创建被装饰函数的绑定方法:

class Deco:
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.func= func
    
    def __call__(self, *args):
        self.func(*args)

class Class:
    @Deco
    def hello(self):
        print('hello world')

Class().hello() # throws TypeError: hello() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'
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方法装饰器需要克服这个障碍。


要求

从前面的示例中获取类,预计以下事情会起作用:

>>> i= Class()
>>> i.hello()
hello world
>>> i.hello
<__main__.Deco object at 0x7f4ae8b518d0>
>>> Class.hello is Class().hello
False
>>> Class().hello is Class().hello
False
>>> i.hello is i.hello
True
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理想情况下,函数__doc__和签名以及类似的属性也被保留。

Ara*_*Fey 5

通常当一个方法被访问为 时some_instance.some_method(),python 的描述符协议启动并调用some_method.__get__(),它返回一个绑定的方法。但是,因为该方法已被Deco类的实例替换,所以不会发生这种情况——因为Deco它不是一个描述符。为了Deco按预期工作,它必须实现一个__get__返回自身绑定副本的方法。

执行

这是基本的“什么都不做”装饰器类:

import inspect
import functools
from copy import copy


class Deco(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.__self__ = None # "__self__" is also used by bound methods

        self.__wrapped__ = func
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # if bound to an object, pass it as the first argument
        if self.__self__ is not None:
            args = (self.__self__,) + args

        #== change the following line to make the decorator do something ==
        return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None:
            return self

        # create a bound copy
        bound = copy(self)
        bound.__self__ = instance

        # update __doc__ and similar attributes
        functools.update_wrapper(bound, self.__wrapped__)

        # add the bound instance to the object's dict so that
        # __get__ won't be called a 2nd time
        setattr(instance, self.__wrapped__.__name__, bound)

        return bound
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为了让装饰器做一些事情,在__call__方法中添加你的代码。


这是一个带参数的:

class DecoWithArgs(object):
    #== change the constructor's parameters to fit your needs ==
    def __init__(self, *args):
        self.args = args

        self.__wrapped__ = None
        self.__self__ = None

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.__wrapped__ is None:
            return self.__wrap(*args, **kwargs)
        else:
            return self.__call_wrapped_function(*args, **kwargs)

    def __wrap(self, func):
        # update __doc__ and similar attributes
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)

        return self

    def __call_wrapped_function(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # if bound to an object, pass it as the first argument
        if self.__self__ is not None:
            args = (self.__self__,) + args

        #== change the following line to make the decorator do something ==
        return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None:
            return self

        # create a bound copy of this object
        bound = copy(self)
        bound.__self__ = instance
        bound.__wrap(self.__wrapped__)

        # add the bound decorator to the object's dict so that
        # __get__ won't be called a 2nd time
        setattr(instance, self.__wrapped__.__name__, bound)
        return bound
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像这样的实现让我们可以在方法和函数上使用装饰器,所以我认为它应该被认为是一种很好的做法。