Bai*_*ker 5 c linux signals process
据我了解,在父进程死亡时终止子进程的最佳方法是通过prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG)
(至少在Linux上):How to make child process die afterparent exits?
对此有一个警告man prctl
:
当执行 set-user-ID 或 set-group-ID 二进制文件或具有相关功能的二进制文件时(自 Linux 2.4.36 / 2.6.23 起),该值会被 fork(2) 的子进程清除(请参阅能力(7))。该值在 execve(2) 中保留。
因此,以下代码存在竞争条件:
父级.c:
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int f = fork();
if (fork() == 0) {
execl("./child", "child", NULL, NULL);
}
return 0;
}
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孩子.c:
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <signal.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL); // ignore error checking for now
// ...
return 0;
}
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也就是说,父级计数 die beforeprctl()
在子级中执行(因此子级将不会收到SIGKILL
)。解决这个问题的正确方法是prctl()
在父级之前exec()
:
父级.c:
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <signal.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int f = fork();
if (fork() == 0) {
prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL); // ignore error checking for now
execl("./child", "child", NULL, NULL);
}
return 0;
}
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孩子.c:
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
// ...
return 0;
}
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但是,如果./child
是 setuid/setgid 二进制文件,那么避免竞争条件的这个技巧不起作用(exec()
ing setuid/setgid 二进制文件会导致PDEATHSIG
按照上面引用的手册页丢失),并且似乎您被迫采用第一个(活泼的)解决方案。
child
如果setuid/setgid 二进制文件prctl(PR_SET_PDEATH_SIG)
以非活泼的方式存在,有什么办法吗?
让父进程设置管道更为常见。父进程保持写端打开(pipefd[1]
),关闭读端(pipefd[0]
)。子进程关闭写端( pipefd[1]
),并将读端( pipefd[1]
)设置为非阻塞。
这样,子进程可以用来read(pipefd[0], buffer, 1)
检查父进程是否仍然存在。如果父进程仍在运行,它将返回-1
(errno == EAGAIN
或errno == EINTR
)。
SIGIO
现在,在Linux中,子进程还可以设置读取结束异步,在这种情况下,当父进程退出时,它将发送一个信号(默认情况下):
fcntl(pipefd[0], F_SETSIG, desired_signal);
fcntl(pipefd[0], F_SETOWN, getpid());
fcntl(pipefd[0], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK | O_ASYNC);
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使用 siginfo 处理程序desired_signal
。如果info->si_code == POLL_IN && info->si_fd == pipefd[0]
,则父进程要么退出,要么向管道写入内容。因为read()
异步信号安全,并且管道是非阻塞的,所以您可以read(pipefd[0], &buffer, sizeof buffer)
在信号处理程序中使用父级是否写入了某些内容,或者父级是否退出(关闭管道)。在后一种情况下,read()
将返回0
。
据我所知,这种方法没有竞争条件(如果您使用实时信号,则信号不会因为用户发送的信号已经挂起而丢失),尽管它非常特定于 Linux。设置信号处理程序后,在子进程生命周期的任何时刻,子进程始终可以显式检查父进程是否仍然存在,而不会影响信号生成。
因此,用伪代码回顾一下:
Construct pipe
Fork child process
Child process:
Close write end of pipe
Install pipe signal handler (say, SIGRTMIN+0)
Set read end of pipe to generate pipe signal (F_SETSIG)
Set own PID as read end owner (F_SETOWN)
Set read end of pipe nonblocking and async (F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK | O_ASYNC)
If read(pipefd[0], buffer, sizeof buffer) == 0,
the parent process has already exited.
Continue with normal work.
Child process pipe signal handler:
If siginfo->si_code == POLL_IN and siginfo->si_fd == pipefd[0],
parent process has exited.
To immediately die, use e.g. raise(SIGKILL).
Parent process:
Close read end of pipe
Continue with normal work.
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我不指望你相信我的话。
下面是一个粗略的示例程序,您可以使用它自己检查此行为。它很长,但只是因为我希望很容易看到运行时发生的情况。要在普通程序中实现这一点,您只需要几十行代码。示例.c:
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
static volatile sig_atomic_t done = 0;
static void handle_done(int signum)
{
if (!done)
done = signum;
}
static int install_done(const int signum)
{
struct sigaction act;
memset(&act, 0, sizeof act);
sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
act.sa_handler = handle_done;
act.sa_flags = 0;
if (sigaction(signum, &act, NULL) == -1)
return errno;
return 0;
}
static int deathfd = -1;
static void death(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *context)
{
if (info->si_code == POLL_IN && info->si_fd == deathfd)
raise(SIGTERM);
}
static int install_death(const int signum)
{
struct sigaction act;
memset(&act, 0, sizeof act);
sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
act.sa_sigaction = death;
act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
if (sigaction(signum, &act, NULL) == -1)
return errno;
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
pid_t child, p;
int pipefd[2], status;
char buffer[8];
if (install_done(SIGINT)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set SIGINT handler: %s.\n", strerror(errno));
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (pipe(pipefd) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot create control pipe: %s.\n", strerror(errno));
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
child = fork();
if (child == (pid_t)-1) {
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot fork child process: %s.\n", strerror(errno));
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (!child) {
/*
* Child process.
*/
/* Close write end of pipe. */
deathfd = pipefd[0];
close(pipefd[1]);
/* Set a SIGHUP signal handler. */
if (install_death(SIGHUP)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Child process: cannot set SIGHUP handler: %s.\n", strerror(errno));
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
/* Set SIGTERM signal handler. */
if (install_done(SIGTERM)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Child process: cannot set SIGTERM handler: %s.\n", strerror(errno));
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
/* We want a SIGHUP instead of SIGIO. */
fcntl(deathfd, F_SETSIG, SIGHUP);
/* We want the SIGHUP delivered when deathfd closes. */
fcntl(deathfd, F_SETOWN, getpid());
/* Make the deathfd (read end of pipe) nonblocking and async. */
fcntl(deathfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK | O_ASYNC);
/* Check if the parent process is dead. */
if (read(deathfd, buffer, sizeof buffer) == 0) {
printf("Child process (%ld): Parent process is already dead.\n", (long)getpid());
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
while (1) {
status = __atomic_fetch_and(&done, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
if (status == SIGINT)
printf("Child process (%ld): SIGINT caught and ignored.\n", (long)getpid());
else
if (status)
break;
printf("Child process (%ld): Tick.\n", (long)getpid());
fflush(stdout);
sleep(1);
status = __atomic_fetch_and(&done, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
if (status == SIGINT)
printf("Child process (%ld): SIGINT caught and ignored.\n", (long)getpid());
else
if (status)
break;
printf("Child process (%ld): Tock.\n", (long)getpid());
fflush(stdout);
sleep(1);
}
printf("Child process (%ld): Exited due to %s.\n", (long)getpid(),
(status == SIGINT) ? "SIGINT" :
(status == SIGHUP) ? "SIGHUP" :
(status == SIGTERM) ? "SIGTERM" : "Unknown signal.\n");
fflush(stdout);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/*
* Parent process.
*/
/* Close read end of pipe. */
close(pipefd[0]);
while (!done) {
fprintf(stderr, "Parent process (%ld): Tick.\n", (long)getpid());
fflush(stderr);
sleep(1);
fprintf(stderr, "Parent process (%ld): Tock.\n", (long)getpid());
fflush(stderr);
sleep(1);
/* Try reaping the child process. */
p = waitpid(child, &status, WNOHANG);
if (p == child || (p == (pid_t)-1 && errno == ECHILD)) {
if (p == child && WIFSIGNALED(status))
fprintf(stderr, "Child process died from %s. Parent will now exit, too.\n",
(WTERMSIG(status) == SIGINT) ? "SIGINT" :
(WTERMSIG(status) == SIGHUP) ? "SIGHUP" :
(WTERMSIG(status) == SIGTERM) ? "SIGTERM" : "an unknown signal");
else
fprintf(stderr, "Child process has exited, so the parent will too.\n");
fflush(stderr);
break;
}
}
if (done) {
fprintf(stderr, "Parent process (%ld): Exited due to %s.\n", (long)getpid(),
(done == SIGINT) ? "SIGINT" :
(done == SIGHUP) ? "SIGHUP" : "Unknown signal.\n");
fflush(stderr);
}
/* Never reached! */
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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使用例如编译并运行上面的内容
gcc -Wall -O2 example.c -o example
./example
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父进程将打印到标准输出,子进程将打印到标准错误。如果按Ctrl+ ,父进程将退出C;子进程将忽略该信号。子进程使用SIGHUP
而不是SIGIO
(尽管实时信号,例如SIGRTMIN+0
,会更安全);如果由退出的父进程生成,则信号处理程序将在子进程中SIGHUP
引发。SIGTERM
为了使终止原因易于查看,子级捕获SIGTERM
,并退出下一次迭代(一秒钟后)。如果需要,处理程序可以使用例如raise(SIGKILL)
立即终止自身。
父进程和子进程都会显示它们的进程 ID,因此您可以轻松地从另一个终端窗口发送SIGINT
//SIGHUP
信号SIGTERM
。(子进程忽略SIGINT
并SIGHUP
从进程外部发送。)