在椭圆协方差图上获取椭圆的顶点(由`car :: ellipse`创建)

Question

通过这篇文章,可以绘制一个具有给定形状矩阵的椭圆(A):

library(car)
A <- matrix(c(20.43, -8.59,-8.59, 24.03), nrow = 2)
ellipse(c(-0.05, 0.09), shape=A, radius=1.44, col="red", lty=2, asp = 1)

现在如何获得这个椭圆的主要/次要(主/短轴和椭圆的交叉点对)顶点？

Answer 1

我知道这个问题已被解决,但实际上有一个超级优雅的解决方案,只有几行如下.这种计算是精确的,没有任何数值优化.

## target covariance matrix
A <- matrix(c(20.43, -8.59,-8.59, 24.03), nrow = 2)

E <- eigen(A, symmetric = TRUE)  ## symmetric eigen decomposition
U <- E[[2]]  ## eigen vectors, i.e., rotation matrix
D <- sqrt(E[[1]])  ## root eigen values, i.e., scaling factor

r <- 1.44  ## radius of original circle
Z <- rbind(c(r, 0), c(0, r), c(-r, 0), c(0, -r))  ## original vertices on major / minor axes
Z <- tcrossprod(Z * rep(D, each = 4), U)  ## transformed vertices on major / minor axes

#          [,1]      [,2]
#[1,] -5.055136  6.224212
#[2,] -4.099908 -3.329834
#[3,]  5.055136 -6.224212
#[4,]  4.099908  3.329834

C0 <- c(-0.05, 0.09)  ## new centre
Z <- Z + rep(C0, each = 4)  ## shift to new centre

#          [,1]      [,2]
#[1,] -5.105136  6.314212
#[2,] -4.149908 -3.239834
#[3,]  5.005136 -6.134212
#[4,]  4.049908  3.419834

为了解释背后的数学,我将采取3个步骤:

1. 这个Ellipse来自哪里？
2. Cholesky分解方法及其缺点.
3. 特征分解方法及其自然解释.

这个椭圆来自哪里？

在实践中,该椭圆可以通过对单位圆的一些线性变换来获得x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 = 1.

Cholesky分解方法及其缺点

## initial circle
r <- 1.44
theta <- seq(0, 2 * pi, by = 0.01 * pi)
X <- r * cbind(cos(theta), sin(theta))

## target covariance matrix
A <- matrix(c(20.43, -8.59,-8.59, 24.03), nrow = 2)

R <- chol(A)  ## Cholesky decomposition
X1 <- X %*% R  ## linear transformation

Z <- rbind(c(r, 0), c(0, r), c(-r, 0), c(0, -r))  ## original vertices on major / minor axes
Z1 <- Z %*% R  ## transformed coordinates

## different colour per quadrant
g <- floor(4 * (1:nrow(X) - 1) / nrow(X)) + 1

## draw ellipse
plot(X1, asp = 1, col = g)
points(Z1, cex = 1.5, pch = 21, bg = 5)

## draw circle
points(X, col = g, cex = 0.25)
points(Z, cex = 1.5, pch = 21, bg = 5)

## draw axes
abline(h = 0, lty = 3, col = "gray", lwd = 1.5)
abline(v = 0, lty = 3, col = "gray", lwd = 1.5)

我们看到线性变换矩阵R似乎没有自然解释.圆的原始顶点不映射到椭圆的顶点.

特征分解方法及其自然解释

## initial circle
r <- 1.44
theta <- seq(0, 2 * pi, by = 0.01 * pi)
X <- r * cbind(cos(theta), sin(theta))

## target covariance matrix
A <- matrix(c(20.43, -8.59,-8.59, 24.03), nrow = 2)

E <- eigen(A, symmetric = TRUE)  ## symmetric eigen decomposition
U <- E[[2]]  ## eigen vectors, i.e., rotation matrix
D <- sqrt(E[[1]])  ## root eigen values, i.e., scaling factor

r <- 1.44  ## radius of original circle
Z <- rbind(c(r, 0), c(0, r), c(-r, 0), c(0, -r))  ## original vertices on major / minor axes

## step 1: re-scaling
X1 <- X * rep(D, each = nrow(X))  ## anisotropic expansion to get an axes-aligned ellipse
Z1 <- Z * rep(D, each = 4L)  ## vertices on axes

## step 2: rotation
Z2 <- tcrossprod(Z1, U)  ## rotated vertices on major / minor axes
X2 <- tcrossprod(X1, U)  ## rotated ellipse

## different colour per quadrant
g <- floor(4 * (1:nrow(X) - 1) / nrow(X)) + 1

## draw rotated ellipse and vertices
plot(X2, asp = 1, col = g)
points(Z2, cex = 1.5, pch = 21, bg = 5)

## draw axes-aligned ellipse and vertices
points(X1, col = g)
points(Z1, cex = 1.5, pch = 21, bg = 5)

## draw original circle
points(X, col = g, cex = 0.25)
points(Z, cex = 1.5, pch = 21, bg = 5)

## draw axes
abline(h = 0, lty = 3, col = "gray", lwd = 1.5)
abline(v = 0, lty = 3, col = "gray", lwd = 1.5)

## draw major / minor axes
segments(Z2[1,1], Z2[1,2], Z2[3,1], Z2[3,2], lty = 2, col = "gray", lwd = 1.5)
segments(Z2[2,1], Z2[2,2], Z2[4,1], Z2[4,2], lty = 2, col = "gray", lwd = 1.5)

在这里,我们看到在变换的两个阶段中,顶点仍然映射到顶点.它完全基于这样的属性,我们在一开始就给出了简洁的解决方案.

Answer 2

出于实用目的，@Tensibai 的答案可能已经足够好了。只需为参数使用足够大的值，segments以便这些点能够很好地逼近真实顶点。

如果您想要更严格的东西，您可以求解沿椭圆的位置，该位置使距中心的距离最大化/最小化，并通过角度进行参数化。angle={0, pi/2, pi, 3pi/2}由于形状矩阵的存在，这比仅仅取值更复杂。但这并不太难：

# location along the ellipse
# linear algebra lifted from the code for ellipse()
ellipse.loc <- function(theta, center, shape, radius)
{
    vert <- cbind(cos(theta), sin(theta))
    Q <- chol(shape, pivot=TRUE)
    ord <- order(attr(Q, "pivot"))
    t(center + radius*t(vert %*% Q[, ord]))
}

# distance from this location on the ellipse to the center 
ellipse.rad <- function(theta, center, shape, radius)
{
    loc <- ellipse.loc(theta, center, shape, radius)
    (loc[,1] - center[1])^2 + (loc[,2] - center[2])^2
}

# ellipse parameters
center <- c(-0.05, 0.09)
A <- matrix(c(20.43, -8.59, -8.59, 24.03), nrow=2)
radius <- 1.44

# solve for the maximum distance in one hemisphere (hemi-ellipse?)
t1 <- optimize(ellipse.rad, c(0, pi - 1e-5), center=center, shape=A, radius=radius, maximum=TRUE)$m
l1 <- ellipse.loc(t1, center, A, radius)

# solve for the minimum distance
t2 <- optimize(ellipse.rad, c(0, pi - 1e-5), center=center, shape=A, radius=radius)$m
l2 <- ellipse.loc(t2, center, A, radius)

# other points obtained by symmetry
t3 <- pi + t1
l3 <- ellipse.loc(t3, center, A, radius)

t4 <- pi + t2
l4 <- ellipse.loc(t4, center, A, radius)

# plot everything
MASS::eqscplot(center[1], center[2], xlim=c(-7, 7), ylim=c(-7, 7), xlab="", ylab="")
ellipse(center, A, radius, col="red", lty=2)
points(rbind(l1, l2, l3, l4), cex=2, col="blue", lwd=2)