mov*_*rax 2 c++ coding-style namespaces c++11
让我们假设,Bob将他的库包装到命名空间"bob"中,并且Alice将通过单个"using namespace bob"使整个命名空间在她自己的函数内可见,而不是每个单独使用"使用bob :: XYZ"项目:
// This file is written by Alice:
#include <iostream>
// She uses Bobs library:
#include "bob.hpp"
int main(void) {
// Import Bobs library and use it:
using namespace bob;
unsigned short value = 50000;
bob::dump_as_signed(value);
// Should not be possible without std:: prefix:
cout << "foobar" << endl;
}
另一方面,Bob试图通过将实现包装在虚拟命名空间中来防止这种情况,并且仅使这些符号可用,这些符号适用于其他用户:
// This file is written by Bob
#include <iostream>
#include <type_traits>
// Namespace for public use:
namespace bob {
// Implementation details:
namespace impl_ {
// Visible ONLY within sub-namespace:
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::is_integral;
using std::make_signed;
// No repeated std:: prefixes at all:
template <typename T,
typename S = typename make_signed<T>::type>
void dump_as_signed(const T i) {
static_assert(is_integral<T>::value, "no integer");
// Do something very very useful:
cout << "signed:" << static_cast<S>(i) << endl;
}
}
// Make available without poisoning with std::*:
using impl_::dump_as_signed;
}
由于所有using指令都被包装到Bobs主命名空间内的虚拟"impl_"命名空间中,因此Alice也不会意外地从std :: namespace导入符号.
好的,我希望我的问题很明确.谢谢阅读!:)
让我们假设Alice正在使用由Bob和Charlie制作的两个库.
// This file is written by Alice:
#include <bob.hpp>
#include <charlie.hpp>
int main(void) {
using namespace bob;
using namespace charlie;
// Do a bunch of stuff
}
现在,查理发明了一个新功能foobar,并将其添加到他的库中.foobar太棒了,他的用户喜欢它.Alice也开始使用它.
然后鲍勃说,"我foobar也喜欢,我想拥有自己的,foobar我可以在我的图书馆中使用.但我不想依赖查理." 所以他创造了自己的版本.
哦,哦,现在爱丽丝的代码无法编译!foobarAlice的代码中的每一次使用都是模糊的,她必须重写她的整个项目.
然后,下个月也会发生同样的事情.然后是下个月.
Now, all of Alice's customers are really unhappy because they are building large technologies and trying to keep up-to-date versions of their dependencies, but every time they try to upgrade anything, Alice's code craps out. They make a lot of bug reports on her bug tracker.
Alice sends an email to Bob and Charlie and says
Guys, you have to stop making classes with the same names, or I'm going to lose all of my business!
Bob and Charlie send an email back to Alice:
No Alice, you need to stop putting
using namespace bob;andusing namespace charlie;in your code. That is not supported by Bob or by Charlie.
Now, let's tell the same story again, except there is no Charlie. It's just Alice making her own classes in her project, colliding with new names added by Bob.
In short, a using namespace directive is never a good idea (in my opinion). Especially when the namespace is an external library. You don't really know how that namespace can change in the future, and if it changes in a way that is at all bad for you, you suddenly have a huge mess on your hands.
Using namespace = to shorten namespaces is often a very good idea. I like to do the following:
namespace my_lib {
namespace qi = boost::spirit::qi;
// Do stuff with qi
// ...
} // end namespace my_lib
That way I get to use the short name qi in my_lib, but I don't impose anything on my users. (Who I expect will not be doing using namespace my_lib;!)
If you are a user, you could do something like
namespace cha = charlie::name::space::is_way_too_long;
But, you should be more than happy to type short namespaces like bob:: or std::, whether you are a user or a library implementor, if it will mean that your code doesn't break when the libraries are upgraded.
This is not about DRY. Putting some kind of qualifier on names makes it much easier to read your code and understand what it means.
例如,看一下流行的C库SDL.据我所知,SDL中的每个宏都开始了SDL_,每个函数都开始了sdl_.这是违反"干"的吗？没有.这里没有重复的实现细节 - 公共前缀是为了避免名称冲突.此外,它使代码更具可读性和可维护性 - 每当我看到一个正在谈论SDL实体的符号时,我立即就知道了.它对人类和计算机都非常有帮助.
放using namespace std;或者using namespace my_lib;就像采用C++最好的功能之一并把它扔进垃圾箱.权衡的是,除了键入5个字符外,还要以损害可读性和可维护性为代价.
分手思考:如何using namespace影响您获得的错误消息的质量.
这是一个不编译的简单程序:
#include <iostream>
struct foo {};
int main() {
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
}
当编译器看到这个代码时,它将不得不尝试它知道的每个流操作符重载并检查是否foo可以转换为任何这些东西.因为std::cout是其中一个参数,ADL意味着我们必须搜索整个std命名空间.事实证明,出人意料的foo是,这些事情无法转换.在gcc 5.3我得到以下(200行)错误消息.
main.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
main.cpp:6:13: error: no match for ‘operator<<’ (operand types are ‘std::ostream {aka std::basic_ostream<char>}’ and ‘foo’)
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:628:5: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&&, const _Tp&) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; _Tp = foo] <near match>
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __os, const _Tp& __x)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:628:5: note: conversion of argument 1 would be ill-formed:
main.cpp:6:20: error: cannot bind ‘std::ostream {aka std::basic_ostream<char>}’ lvalue to ‘std::basic_ostream<char>&&’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:108:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& (*)(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type&)) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(__ostream_type& (*__pf)(__ostream_type&))
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:108:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘std::basic_ostream<char>::__ostream_type& (*)(std::basic_ostream<char>::__ostream_type&) {aka std::basic_ostream<char>& (*)(std::basic_ostream<char>&)}’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:117:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type& (*)(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type&)) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type = std::basic_ios<char>]
operator<<(__ios_type& (*__pf)(__ios_type&))
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:117:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘std::basic_ostream<char>::__ios_type& (*)(std::basic_ostream<char>::__ios_type&) {aka std::basic_ios<char>& (*)(std::basic_ios<char>&)}’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:127:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&)) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(ios_base& (*__pf) (ios_base&))
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:127:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&)’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:166:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(long __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:166:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘long int’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:170:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(unsigned long __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:170:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘long unsigned int’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:174:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(bool) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(bool __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:174:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘bool’
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:638:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:91:5: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>]
basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:91:5: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘short int’
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:181:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(unsigned short __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:181:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘short unsigned int’
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:638:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:105:5: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>]
basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:105:5: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘int’
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:192:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(unsigned int __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:192:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘unsigned int’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:201:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(long long __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:201:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘long long int’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:205:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(unsigned long long __n)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:205:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘long long unsigned int’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:220:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(double) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(double __f)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:220:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘double’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:224:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(float) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(float __f)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:224:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘float’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:232:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long double) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(long double __f)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:232:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘long double’
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:245:7: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(const void*) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]
operator<<(const void* __p)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:245:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘const void*’
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:638:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:119:5: note: candidate: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__streambuf_type*) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__streambuf_type = std::basic_streambuf<char>]
basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:119:5: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘foo’ to ‘std::basic_ostream<char>::__streambuf_type* {aka std::basic_streambuf<char>*}’
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:574:5: note: candidate: template<class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const unsigned char*)
operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, const unsigned char* __s)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:574:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘const unsigned char*’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:569:5: note: candidate: template<class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const signed char*)
operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, const signed char* __s)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:569:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘const signed char*’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:556:5: note: candidate: template<class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const char*)
operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, const char* __s)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:556:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘const char*’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:638:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:321:5: note: candidate: template<class _CharT, class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, const char*)
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, const char* __s)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/ostream.tcc:321:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘const char*’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:539:5: note: candidate: template<class _CharT, class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, const _CharT*)
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, const _CharT* __s)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:539:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: mismatched types ‘const _CharT*’ and ‘foo’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:519:5: note: candidate: template<class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, unsigned char)
operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, unsigned char __c)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:519:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘unsigned char’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:514:5: note: candidate: template<class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, signed char)
operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, signed char __c)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:514:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘signed char’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:508:5: note: candidate: template<class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char)
operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, char __c)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:508:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘char’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:502:5: note: candidate: template<class _CharT, class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, char)
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, char __c)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:502:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘char’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39:0,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:497:5: note: candidate: template<class _CharT, class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, _CharT)
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, _CharT __c)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/ostream:497:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: deduced conflicting types for parameter ‘_CharT’ (‘char’ and ‘foo’)
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/ios_base.h:46:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:42,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/system_error:209:5: note: candidate: template<class _CharT, class _Traits> std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, const std::error_code&)
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const error_code& __e)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/system_error:209:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: cannot convert ‘foo{}’ (type ‘foo’) to type ‘const std::error_code&’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/string:52:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/locale_classes.h:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/ios_base.h:41,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:42,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from main.cpp:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/basic_string.h:5172:5: note: candidate: template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc> std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, const std::__cxx11::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&)
operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/basic_string.h:5172:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
main.cpp:6:20: note: ‘foo’ is not derived from ‘const std::__cxx11::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>’
std::cout << foo{} << std::endl;
^
这就是重点:如果你这样做using namespace bob;,那么每个bob可流动的类型也将出现在该列表中!如果你这样做using namespace charlie;,他的所有类型也将在那里!
错误消息不仅会更糟糕,而且您更有可能获得一些您没想到的非常奇怪的交互.如果Bob的类型偶尔可以链接到Charlie的类型之一怎么办？查理的类型偶尔可以隐式转换为可流化的标准类型？
当然,这不仅适用于任何运算符重载,而且适用于任何模板或函数调用.
所以,最重要的是,如果你避免在一个命名空间中混合大量垃圾,那么C++就更容易推理并且工作得更好.
| 归档时间： |
|
| 查看次数： |
614 次 |
| 最近记录： |