如何裁掉凸性缺陷？

Question

我正试图从轮廓中检测并精确定位图像中的一些物体.我得到的轮廓通常包括一些噪音(可能形成背景,我不知道).对象看起来应该类似于矩形或正方形,如:

我通过形状匹配(cv::matchShapes)来获得非常好的结果,以检测其中包含这些对象的轮廓,有无噪音,但是在出现噪音的情况下我会遇到精确定位的问题.

噪音看起来像:

要么 例如.

我的想法是找到凸起缺陷,如果它们变得太强,就会以某种方式去除导致凹陷的部分.检测缺陷是可以的,通常我会在每个"不需要的结构"中得到两个缺陷,但我仍然坚持如何决定从轮廓中删除点的位置和位置.

这里有一些轮廓,它们的面具(因此你可以很容易地提取轮廓)和包括阈值凸面缺陷的凸包:

我是否可以在轮廓中走动并在局部判断轮廓是否执行"左转"(如果顺时针方向行走),如果是,则移除轮廓点直到下一个左转弯？也许从凸性缺陷开始？

我在寻找算法或代码,编程语言应该不重要,算法更重要.

Answer 1

这种方法仅适用于点.您无需为此创建蒙版.

主要想法是:

1. 找出轮廓上的缺陷
2. 如果我发现至少两个缺陷,找到两个最接近的缺陷
3. 从轮廓中移除两个最接近的缺陷之间的点
4. 在新轮廓上从1重新启动

我得到以下结果.正如您所看到的,它对于平滑缺陷(例如第7张图像)有一些缺点,但对于清晰可见的缺陷非常有用.我不知道这是否能解决你的问题,但可以作为一个起点.在实践中应该非常快(你可以肯定优化下面的代码,特别是removeFromContour功能).此外,这种方法的唯一参数是凸度缺陷的数量,因此它适用于小的和大的缺陷斑点.

#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

int ed2(const Point& lhs, const Point& rhs)
{
    return (lhs.x - rhs.x)*(lhs.x - rhs.x) + (lhs.y - rhs.y)*(lhs.y - rhs.y);
}

vector<Point> removeFromContour(const vector<Point>& contour, const vector<int>& defectsIdx)
{
    int minDist = INT_MAX;
    int startIdx;
    int endIdx;

    // Find nearest defects
    for (int i = 0; i < defectsIdx.size(); ++i)
    {
        for (int j = i + 1; j < defectsIdx.size(); ++j)
        {
            float dist = ed2(contour[defectsIdx[i]], contour[defectsIdx[j]]);
            if (minDist > dist)
            {
                minDist = dist;
                startIdx = defectsIdx[i];
                endIdx = defectsIdx[j];
            }
        }
    }

    // Check if intervals are swapped
    if (startIdx <= endIdx)
    {
        int len1 = endIdx - startIdx;
        int len2 = contour.size() - endIdx + startIdx;
        if (len2 < len1)
        {
            swap(startIdx, endIdx);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        int len1 = startIdx - endIdx;
        int len2 = contour.size() - startIdx + endIdx;
        if (len1 < len2)
        {
            swap(startIdx, endIdx);
        }
    }

    // Remove unwanted points
    vector<Point> out;
    if (startIdx <= endIdx)
    {
        out.insert(out.end(), contour.begin(), contour.begin() + startIdx);
        out.insert(out.end(), contour.begin() + endIdx, contour.end());
    } 
    else
    {
        out.insert(out.end(), contour.begin() + endIdx, contour.begin() + startIdx);
    }

    return out;
}

int main()
{
    Mat1b img = imread("path_to_mask", IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);

    Mat3b out;
    cvtColor(img, out, COLOR_GRAY2BGR);

    vector<vector<Point>> contours;
    findContours(img.clone(), contours, RETR_EXTERNAL, CHAIN_APPROX_NONE);

    vector<Point> pts = contours[0];

    vector<int> hullIdx;
    convexHull(pts, hullIdx, false);

    vector<Vec4i> defects;
    convexityDefects(pts, hullIdx, defects);

    while (true)
    {
        // For debug
        Mat3b dbg;
        cvtColor(img, dbg, COLOR_GRAY2BGR);

        vector<vector<Point>> tmp = {pts};
        drawContours(dbg, tmp, 0, Scalar(255, 127, 0));

        vector<int> defectsIdx;
        for (const Vec4i& v : defects)
        {
            float depth = float(v[3]) / 256.f;
            if (depth > 2) //  filter defects by depth
            {
                // Defect found
                defectsIdx.push_back(v[2]);

                int startidx = v[0]; Point ptStart(pts[startidx]);
                int endidx = v[1]; Point ptEnd(pts[endidx]);
                int faridx = v[2]; Point ptFar(pts[faridx]);

                line(dbg, ptStart, ptEnd, Scalar(255, 0, 0), 1);
                line(dbg, ptStart, ptFar, Scalar(0, 255, 0), 1);
                line(dbg, ptEnd, ptFar, Scalar(0, 0, 255), 1);
                circle(dbg, ptFar, 4, Scalar(127, 127, 255), 2);
            }
        }

        if (defectsIdx.size() < 2)
        {
            break;
        }

        // If I have more than two defects, remove the points between the two nearest defects
        pts = removeFromContour(pts, defectsIdx);
        convexHull(pts, hullIdx, false);
        convexityDefects(pts, hullIdx, defects);
    }


    // Draw result contour
    vector<vector<Point>> tmp = { pts };
    drawContours(out, tmp, 0, Scalar(0, 0, 255), 1);

    imshow("Result", out);
    waitKey();

    return 0;
}

UPDATE

在近似轮廓上工作(例如,使用CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLEin findContours)可能更快,但必须使用计算轮廓的长度arcLength().

这是在交换部分中替换的片段removeFromContour:

// Check if intervals are swapped
if (startIdx <= endIdx)
{
    //int len11 = endIdx - startIdx;
    vector<Point> inside(contour.begin() + startIdx, contour.begin() + endIdx);
    int len1 = (inside.empty()) ? 0 : arcLength(inside, false);

    //int len22 = contour.size() - endIdx + startIdx;
    vector<Point> outside1(contour.begin(), contour.begin() + startIdx);
    vector<Point> outside2(contour.begin() + endIdx, contour.end());
    int len2 = (outside1.empty() ? 0 : arcLength(outside1, false)) + (outside2.empty() ? 0 : arcLength(outside2, false));

    if (len2 < len1)
    {
        swap(startIdx, endIdx);
    }
}
else
{
    //int len1 = startIdx - endIdx;
    vector<Point> inside(contour.begin() + endIdx, contour.begin() + startIdx);
    int len1 = (inside.empty()) ? 0 : arcLength(inside, false);


    //int len2 = contour.size() - startIdx + endIdx;
    vector<Point> outside1(contour.begin(), contour.begin() + endIdx);
    vector<Point> outside2(contour.begin() + startIdx, contour.end());
    int len2 = (outside1.empty() ? 0 : arcLength(outside1, false)) + (outside2.empty() ? 0 : arcLength(outside2, false));

    if (len1 < len2)
    {
        swap(startIdx, endIdx);
    }
}

Answer 2

这是遵循 Miki 代码的 Python 实现。

import numpy as np
import cv2

def ed2(lhs, rhs):
    return(lhs[0] - rhs[0])*(lhs[0] - rhs[0]) + (lhs[1] - rhs[1])*(lhs[1] - rhs[1])


def remove_from_contour(contour, defectsIdx, tmp):
    minDist = sys.maxsize
    startIdx, endIdx = 0, 0

    for i in range(0,len(defectsIdx)):
        for j in range(i+1, len(defectsIdx)):
            dist = ed2(contour[defectsIdx[i]][0], contour[defectsIdx[j]][0])
            if minDist > dist:
                minDist = dist
                startIdx = defectsIdx[i]
                endIdx = defectsIdx[j]

    if startIdx <= endIdx:
        inside = contour[startIdx:endIdx]
        len1 = 0 if inside.size == 0 else cv2.arcLength(inside, False)
        outside1 = contour[0:startIdx]
        outside2 = contour[endIdx:len(contour)]
        len2 = (0 if outside1.size == 0 else cv2.arcLength(outside1, False)) + (0 if outside2.size == 0 else cv2.arcLength(outside2, False))
        if len2 < len1:
            startIdx,endIdx = endIdx,startIdx     
    else:
        inside = contour[endIdx:startIdx]
        len1 = 0 if inside.size == 0 else cv2.arcLength(inside, False)
        outside1 = contour[0:endIdx]
        outside2 = contour[startIdx:len(contour)]
        len2 = (0 if outside1.size == 0 else cv2.arcLength(outside1, False)) + (0 if outside2.size == 0 else cv2.arcLength(outside2, False))
        if len1 < len2:
            startIdx,endIdx = endIdx,startIdx

    if startIdx <= endIdx:
        out = np.concatenate((contour[0:startIdx], contour[endIdx:len(contour)]), axis=0)
    else:
        out = contour[endIdx:startIdx]
    return out


def remove_defects(mask, debug=False):
    tmp = mask.copy()
    mask = cv2.cvtColor(mask, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # get contour
    contours, _ = cv2.findContours(
        mask, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
    assert len(contours) > 0, "No contours found"
    contour = sorted(contours, key=cv2.contourArea)[-1] #largest contour
    if debug:
        init = cv2.drawContours(tmp.copy(), [contour], 0, (255, 0, 255), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
        figure, ax = plt.subplots(1)
        ax.imshow(init)
        ax.set_title("Initital Contour")

    hull = cv2.convexHull(contour, returnPoints=False)
    defects = cv2.convexityDefects(contour, hull)

    while True:
        defectsIdx = []
        
        for i in range(defects.shape[0]):
            s, e, f, d = defects[i, 0]
            start = tuple(contour[s][0])
            end = tuple(contour[e][0])
            far = tuple(contour[f][0])
            
            depth = d / 256
            if depth > 2:
                defectsIdx.append(f)

        if len(defectsIdx) < 2:
            break

        contour = remove_from_contour(contour, defectsIdx, tmp)
        hull = cv2.convexHull(contour, returnPoints=False)
        defects = cv2.convexityDefects(contour, hull)

    if debug:
      rslt = cv2.drawContours(tmp.copy(), [contour], 0, (0, 255, 255), 1)
      figure, ax = plt.subplots(1)
      ax.imshow(rslt)
      ax.set_title("Corrected Contour")

mask = cv2.imread("a.png")
remove_defects(mask, True)