如何在范围表达式中延长临时的生命周期？

Question

在使用ranged-for循环时,我正在获取悬空引用.考虑以下C++ 14表达式(下面的完整示例程序):

    for(auto& wheel: Bike().wheels_reference())
        wheel.inflate();

它的输出是:

 Wheel()
 Wheel()
 Bike()
~Bike() with 0 inflated wheels.
~Wheel()
~Wheel()
 Wheel::inflate()
 Wheel::inflate()

显然有些事情是非常错误的.车轮超出其使用寿命,结果为0,而不是预期的2.

一个简单的解决方法是为Bikein 引入一个变量main.但是,我不控制代码main或Wheel.我只能改变结构Bike.

有没有办法通过改变来修复这个例子Bike？

一个成功的解决方案解决方案要么在编译时失败,要么计算2个充气轮胎并且不会触及超出其生命周期的任何物体.

附录:编译就绪源

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <array>
#include <algorithm>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

struct Wheel
{
    Wheel() { cout << " Wheel()" << endl; }
    ~Wheel() { cout << "~Wheel()" << endl; }
    void inflate() { inflated = true; cout << " Wheel::inflate()" << endl; }
    bool inflated = false;
};

struct Bike
{
    Bike() { cout << " Bike()" << endl; }
    ~Bike() {
        cout << "~Bike() with " << std::count_if(wheels.begin(),    wheels.end(),
            [](auto& w) { return w.inflated; }) << " inflated wheels." << endl;
    }
    std::array<Wheel, 2>& wheels_reference() { return wheels; }
    std::array<Wheel, 2> wheels{Wheel(), Wheel()};
};

int main()
{
    for(auto& wheel: Bike().wheels_reference())
        wheel.inflate();
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Answer 1

删除rvalue重载wheels_reference.

std::array<Wheel, 2>& wheels_reference() & { return wheels; }
std::array<Wheel, 2>& wheels_reference() && = delete;

这样您就不会返回对临时成员的引用.

您对该Bike类的示例用法

for(auto& wheel: Bike().wheels_reference())
    wheel.inflate();

然后拒绝编译(clang 3.4输出):

test.cpp:31:29: error: call to deleted member function 'wheels_reference'
    for(auto& wheel: Bike().wheels_reference())
                     ~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
test.cpp:24:27: note: candidate function has been explicitly deleted
    std::array<Wheel, 2>& wheels_reference() && = delete;
                          ^
test.cpp:23:27: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'Bike' to 'Bike' for object argument
    std::array<Wheel, 2>& wheels_reference() & { return wheels; }

如果临时的生命周期是手动扩展的东西工作.

Bike&& bike = Bike();
for(auto& wheel: bike.wheels_reference())
    wheel.inflate();