nwe*_*hof 6 linux gcc elf binutils
看来,用gcc 4.9.2在Linux上创建的二进制文件(Ubuntu的15.04,32位)有部分之间有几千未使用的字节.eh_frame和.init_array.objdump -h简单可执行文件的输出示例:
Sections:
Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
[...]
16 .eh_frame 000000c0 080484ac 080484ac 000004ac 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
17 .init_array 00000004 08049f08 08049f08 00000f08 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
[...]
.eh_frame在文件偏移量0x56c结束但从0xf08 .init_array开始,留下一个0x99c = 2460字节的漏洞.所有其他部分在上一部分结束后立即开始.
未使用空间的大小会有所不同,因此很难观察到某些更改如何影响代码大小.
这个洞来自哪里？有没有办法避免它？
更新:输出ld --verbose:
$ cat so.c
int main() {
return 0;
}
$ gcc so.c -Wl,--verbose -o so
GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.25
Supported emulations:
elf_i386
i386linux
elf32_x86_64
elf_x86_64
elf_l1om
elf_k1om
i386pep
i386pe
using internal linker script:
==================================================
/* Script for -z combreloc: combine and sort reloc sections */
/* Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copying and distribution of this script, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. */
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386",
"elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(_start)
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/i686-linux-gnu/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/i686-linux-gnu/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib");
SECTIONS
{
/* Read-only sections, merged into text segment: */
PROVIDE (__executable_start = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", 0x08048000)); . = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", 0x08048000) + SIZEOF_HEADERS;
.interp : { *(.interp) }
.note.gnu.build-id : { *(.note.gnu.build-id) }
.hash : { *(.hash) }
.gnu.hash : { *(.gnu.hash) }
.dynsym : { *(.dynsym) }
.dynstr : { *(.dynstr) }
.gnu.version : { *(.gnu.version) }
.gnu.version_d : { *(.gnu.version_d) }
.gnu.version_r : { *(.gnu.version_r) }
.rel.dyn :
{
*(.rel.init)
*(.rel.text .rel.text.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.t.*)
*(.rel.fini)
*(.rel.rodata .rel.rodata.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.r.*)
*(.rel.data.rel.ro .rel.data.rel.ro.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.*)
*(.rel.data .rel.data.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.d.*)
*(.rel.tdata .rel.tdata.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.td.*)
*(.rel.tbss .rel.tbss.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.tb.*)
*(.rel.ctors)
*(.rel.dtors)
*(.rel.got)
*(.rel.bss .rel.bss.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.b.*)
*(.rel.ifunc)
}
.rel.plt :
{
*(.rel.plt)
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__rel_iplt_start = .);
*(.rel.iplt)
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__rel_iplt_end = .);
}
.init :
{
KEEP (*(SORT_NONE(.init)))
}
.plt : { *(.plt) *(.iplt) }
.text :
{
*(.text.unlikely .text.*_unlikely .text.unlikely.*)
*(.text.exit .text.exit.*)
*(.text.startup .text.startup.*)
*(.text.hot .text.hot.*)
*(.text .stub .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
/* .gnu.warning sections are handled specially by elf32.em. */
*(.gnu.warning)
}
.fini :
{
KEEP (*(SORT_NONE(.fini)))
}
PROVIDE (__etext = .);
PROVIDE (_etext = .);
PROVIDE (etext = .);
.rodata : { *(.rodata .rodata.* .gnu.linkonce.r.*) }
.rodata1 : { *(.rodata1) }
.eh_frame_hdr : { *(.eh_frame_hdr) }
.eh_frame : ONLY_IF_RO { KEEP (*(.eh_frame)) }
.gcc_except_table : ONLY_IF_RO { *(.gcc_except_table
.gcc_except_table.*) }
/* These sections are generated by the Sun/Oracle C++ compiler. */
.exception_ranges : ONLY_IF_RO { *(.exception_ranges
.exception_ranges*) }
/* Adjust the address for the data segment. We want to adjust up to
the same address within the page on the next page up. */
. = ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) - ((CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - .) & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1)); . = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE), CONSTANT (COMMONPAGESIZE));
/* Exception handling */
.eh_frame : ONLY_IF_RW { KEEP (*(.eh_frame)) }
.gcc_except_table : ONLY_IF_RW { *(.gcc_except_table .gcc_except_table.*) }
.exception_ranges : ONLY_IF_RW { *(.exception_ranges .exception_ranges*) }
/* Thread Local Storage sections */
.tdata : { *(.tdata .tdata.* .gnu.linkonce.td.*) }
.tbss : { *(.tbss .tbss.* .gnu.linkonce.tb.*) *(.tcommon) }
.preinit_array :
{
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(.preinit_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
}
.init_array :
{
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.init_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
}
.fini_array :
{
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.fini_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.fini_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
}
.ctors :
{
/* gcc uses crtbegin.o to find the start of
the constructors, so we make sure it is
first. Because this is a wildcard, it
doesn't matter if the user does not
actually link against crtbegin.o; the
linker won't look for a file to match a
wildcard. The wildcard also means that it
doesn't matter which directory crtbegin.o
is in. */
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
/* We don't want to include the .ctor section from
the crtend.o file until after the sorted ctors.
The .ctor section from the crtend file contains the
end of ctors marker and it must be last */
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.ctors))
}
.dtors :
{
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.dtors))
}
.jcr : { KEEP (*(.jcr)) }
.data.rel.ro : { *(.data.rel.ro.local* .gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.local.*) *(.data.rel.ro .data.rel.ro.* .gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.*) }
.dynamic : { *(.dynamic) }
.got : { *(.got) *(.igot) }
. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END (SIZEOF (.got.plt) >= 12 ? 12 : 0, .);
.got.plt : { *(.got.plt) *(.igot.plt) }
.data :
{
*(.data .data.* .gnu.linkonce.d.*)
SORT(CONSTRUCTORS)
}
.data1 : { *(.data1) }
_edata = .; PROVIDE (edata = .);
. = .;
__bss_start = .;
.bss :
{
*(.dynbss)
*(.bss .bss.* .gnu.linkonce.b.*)
*(COMMON)
/* Align here to ensure that the .bss section occupies space up to
_end. Align after .bss to ensure correct alignment even if the
.bss section disappears because there are no input sections.
FIXME: Why do we need it? When there is no .bss section, we don't
pad the .data section. */
. = ALIGN(. != 0 ? 32 / 8 : 1);
}
. = ALIGN(32 / 8);
. = SEGMENT_START("ldata-segment", .);
. = ALIGN(32 / 8);
_end = .; PROVIDE (end = .);
. = DATA_SEGMENT_END (.);
/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
.stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
.stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
/* DWARF debug sections.
Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the beginning
of the section so we begin them at 0. */
/* DWARF 1 */
.debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
.line 0 : { *(.line) }
/* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
.debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
.debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
/* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
.debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
.debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
/* DWARF 2 */
.debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
.debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
.debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line .debug_line.* .debug_line_end ) }
.debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
.debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
.debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
.debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
/* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
.debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
.debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
.debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
/* DWARF 3 */
.debug_pubtypes 0 : { *(.debug_pubtypes) }
.debug_ranges 0 : { *(.debug_ranges) }
/* DWARF Extension. */
.debug_macro 0 : { *(.debug_macro) }
.gnu.attributes 0 : { KEEP (*(.gnu.attributes)) }
/DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu_debuglink) *(.gnu.lto_*) }
}
==================================================
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crt1.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crti.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtbegin.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtbegin.o
attempt to open /tmp/ccQ0fTTK.o succeeded
/tmp/ccQ0fTTK.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.a succeeded
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so succeeded
-lgcc_s (/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so)
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libc.so succeeded
opened script file /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libc.so
opened script file /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libc.so
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 succeeded
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
attempt to open /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a succeeded
(/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a)elf-init.oS
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2 succeeded
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.a succeeded
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so succeeded
-lgcc_s (/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so)
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtend.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtend.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crtn.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crtn.o
ld-linux.so.2 needed by /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
found ld-linux.so.2 at /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2
需要考虑三个内存区域：
现在，该.eh_frame部分被标记为READONLY，因此它进入第一部分。
.init_array 是一个指向初始化函数的函数指针数组，在加载程序/库时可以解析为它们的绝对地址，然后标记为只读（写入函数指针是一种常见的漏洞利用方式），因此进入第二区域。
链接描述文件的相关部分是：
[...]
.eh_frame : ONLY_IF_RO { KEEP (*(.eh_frame)) }
[...]
/* Adjust the address for the data segment. We want to adjust up to
the same address within the page on the next page up. */
. = ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) - ((CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - .) & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1));
. = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE), CONSTANT (COMMONPAGESIZE));
[...]
.init_array :
[...]
.got : { *(.got) *(.igot) }
. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END (SIZEOF (.got.plt) >= 12 ? 12 : 0, .);
.got.plt : { *(.got.plt) *(.igot.plt) }
.data :
[...]
. = DATA_SEGMENT_END (.);
您可以在https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/Builtin-Functions.html查阅有关 GNU ld 链接器脚本的内置函数的文档。但请注意，DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN文档是不正确的，正如 Stephen Kell 在binutils bug #19203所报告的那样：“DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN 文档与行为不一致”，显然是因为 Jakub Jelinek 的[PATCH] 修复了 DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN。DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN本身是在名为[RFC PATCH] Smarter aligning of data segment的 binutils 邮件列表线程中引入的。
不知何故，以下内容：
. = ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) - ((CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - .) & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1));
. = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE), CONSTANT (COMMONPAGESIZE));
导致 1 页跳转，在您的示例中，这会将您从 0x0804856c 移动到 0x0804956c。
当使用链接器选项时-z relro，请求在加载时修复的重定位被标记为只读，DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END导致前一个DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN添加足够的填充以使两个参数的总和与DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END新页面对齐。
因此，假设.got.plt至少有三个指针，前三个指针（加载器立即使用）将在第二个区域中，其余的.got.plt在第三个区域中。
添加的填充DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN将您从 0x0804956c 移动到 0x08049f08。当所有可以在修复后被 mprotected 只读的东西发出时，你将在 0x0804a000 处，在一个新页面中，该页面将保持读写状态。
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