如何使用VideoToolbox解压缩H.264视频流

Question

在弄清楚如何使用Apple的硬件加速视频框架来解压缩H.264视频流时,我遇到了很多麻烦.几个星期后,我想出来,想分享一个广泛的例子,因为我找不到一个.

我的目标是提供WWDC '14会议513中介绍的Video Toolbox的全面,有启发性的示例.我的代码将无法编译或运行,因为它需要与基本H.264流集成(如从文件读取视频或从在线等流式传输),并且需要根据具体情况进行调整.

我应该提一下,除了我在谷歌搜索主题时学到的东西,我对视频/解码的经验很少.我不知道有关视频格式,参数结构等的所有细节,所以我只包括我认为你需要知道的内容.

我正在使用XCode 6.2并已部署到运行iOS 8.1和8.2的iOS设备.

Answer 1

Concepts:

NALUs: NALUs are simply a chunk of data of varying length that has a NALU start code header 0x00 00 00 01 YY where the first 5 bits of YY tells you what type of NALU this is and therefore what type of data follows the header. (Since you only need the first 5 bits, I use YY & 0x1F to just get the relevant bits.) I list what all these types are in the method NSString * const naluTypesStrings[], but you don't need to know what they all are.

Parameters: Your decoder needs parameters so it knows how the H.264 video data is stored. The 2 you need to set are Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) and Picture Parameter Set (PPS) and they each have their own NALU type number. You don't need to know what the parameters mean, the decoder knows what to do with them.

H.264 Stream Format: In most H.264 streams, you will receive with an initial set of PPS and SPS parameters followed by an i frame (aka IDR frame or flush frame) NALU. Then you will receive several P frame NALUs (maybe a few dozen or so), then another set of parameters (which may be the same as the initial parameters) and an i frame, more P frames, etc. i frames are much bigger than P frames. Conceptually you can think of the i frame as an entire image of the video, and the P frames are just the changes that have been made to that i frame, until you receive the next i frame.

Procedure:

1. Generate individual NALUs from your H.264 stream. I cannot show code for this step since it depends a lot on what video source you're using. I made this graphic to show what I was working with ("data" in the graphic is "frame" in my following code), but your case may and probably will differ. My method receivedRawVideoFrame: is called every time I receive a frame (uint8_t *frame) which was one of 2 types. In the diagram, those 2 frame types are the 2 big purple boxes.

2. Create a CMVideoFormatDescriptionRef from your SPS and PPS NALUs with CMVideoFormatDescriptionCreateFromH264ParameterSets( ). You cannot display any frames without doing this first. The SPS and PPS may look like a jumble of numbers, but VTD knows what to do with them. All you need to know is that CMVideoFormatDescriptionRef is a description of video data., like width/height, format type (kCMPixelFormat_32BGRA, kCMVideoCodecType_H264 etc.), aspect ratio, color space etc. Your decoder will hold onto the parameters until a new set arrives (sometimes parameters are resent regularly even when they haven't changed).

3. Re-package your IDR and non-IDR frame NALUs according to the "AVCC" format. This means removing the NALU start codes and replacing them with a 4-byte header that states the length of the NALU. You don't need to do this for the SPS and PPS NALUs. (Note that the 4-byte NALU length header is in big-endian, so if you have a UInt32 value it must be byte-swapped before copying to the CMBlockBuffer using CFSwapInt32. I do this in my code with the htonl function call.)

4. Package the IDR and non-IDR NALU frames into CMBlockBuffer. Do not do this with the SPS PPS parameter NALUs. All you need to know about CMBlockBuffers is that they are a method to wrap arbitrary blocks of data in core media. (Any compressed video data in a video pipeline is wrapped in this.)

5. Package the CMBlockBuffer into CMSampleBuffer. All you need to know about CMSampleBuffers is that they wrap up our CMBlockBuffers with other information (here it would be the CMVideoFormatDescription and CMTime, if CMTime is used).

6. Create a VTDecompressionSessionRef and feed the sample buffers into VTDecompressionSessionDecodeFrame( ). Alternatively, you can use AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer and its enqueueSampleBuffer: method and you won't need to use VTDecompSession. It's simpler to set up, but will not throw errors if something goes wrong like VTD will.

7. In the VTDecompSession callback, use the resultant CVImageBufferRef to display the video frame. If you need to convert your CVImageBuffer to a UIImage, see my StackOverflow answer here.

Other notes:

• H.264 streams can vary a lot. From what I learned, NALU start code headers are sometimes 3 bytes (0x00 00 01) and sometimes 4 (0x00 00 00 01). My code works for 4 bytes; you will need to change a few things around if you're working with 3.

• If you want to know more about NALUs, I found this answer to be very helpful. In my case, I found that I didn't need to ignore the "emulation prevention" bytes as described, so I personally skipped that step but you may need to know about that.

• If your VTDecompressionSession outputs an error number (like -12909) look up the error code in your XCode project. Find the VideoToolbox framework in your project navigator, open it and find the header VTErrors.h. If you can't find it, I've also included all the error codes below in another answer.

Code Example:

So let's start by declaring some global variables and including the VT framework (VT = Video Toolbox).

#import <VideoToolbox/VideoToolbox.h>

@property (nonatomic, assign) CMVideoFormatDescriptionRef formatDesc;
@property (nonatomic, assign) VTDecompressionSessionRef decompressionSession;
@property (nonatomic, retain) AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer *videoLayer;
@property (nonatomic, assign) int spsSize;
@property (nonatomic, assign) int ppsSize;

The following array is only used so that you can print out what type of NALU frame you are receiving. If you know what all these types mean, good for you, you know more about H.264 than me :) My code only handles types 1, 5, 7 and 8.

NSString * const naluTypesStrings[] =
{
    @"0: Unspecified (non-VCL)",
    @"1: Coded slice of a non-IDR picture (VCL)",    // P frame
    @"2: Coded slice data partition A (VCL)",
    @"3: Coded slice data partition B (VCL)",
    @"4: Coded slice data partition C (VCL)",
    @"5: Coded slice of an IDR picture (VCL)",      // I frame
    @"6: Supplemental enhancement information (SEI) (non-VCL)",
    @"7: Sequence parameter set (non-VCL)",         // SPS parameter
    @"8: Picture parameter set (non-VCL)",          // PPS parameter
    @"9: Access unit delimiter (non-VCL)",
    @"10: End of sequence (non-VCL)",
    @"11: End of stream (non-VCL)",
    @"12: Filler data (non-VCL)",
    @"13: Sequence parameter set extension (non-VCL)",
    @"14: Prefix NAL unit (non-VCL)",
    @"15: Subset sequence parameter set (non-VCL)",
    @"16: Reserved (non-VCL)",
    @"17: Reserved (non-VCL)",
    @"18: Reserved (non-VCL)",
    @"19: Coded slice of an auxiliary coded picture without partitioning (non-VCL)",
    @"20: Coded slice extension (non-VCL)",
    @"21: Coded slice extension for depth view components (non-VCL)",
    @"22: Reserved (non-VCL)",
    @"23: Reserved (non-VCL)",
    @"24: STAP-A Single-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
    @"25: STAP-B Single-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
    @"26: MTAP16 Multi-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
    @"27: MTAP24 Multi-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
    @"28: FU-A Fragmentation unit (non-VCL)",
    @"29: FU-B Fragmentation unit (non-VCL)",
    @"30: Unspecified (non-VCL)",
    @"31: Unspecified (non-VCL)",
};

Now this is where all the magic happens.

-(void) receivedRawVideoFrame:(uint8_t *)frame withSize:(uint32_t)frameSize isIFrame:(int)isIFrame
{
    OSStatus status;

    uint8_t *data = NULL;
    uint8_t *pps = NULL;
    uint8_t *sps = NULL;

    // I know what my H.264 data source's NALUs look like so I know start code index is always 0.
    // if you don't know where it starts, you can use a for loop similar to how i find the 2nd and 3rd start codes
    int startCodeIndex = 0;
    int secondStartCodeIndex = 0;
    int thirdStartCodeIndex = 0;

    long blockLength = 0;

    CMSampleBufferRef sampleBuffer = NULL;
    CMBlockBufferRef blockBuffer = NULL;

    int nalu_type = (frame[startCodeIndex + 4] & 0x1F);
    NSLog(@"~~~~~~~ Received NALU Type \"%@\" ~~~~~~~~", naluTypesStrings[nalu_type]);

    // if we havent already set up our format description with our SPS PPS parameters, we
    // can't process any frames except type 7 that has our parameters
    if (nalu_type != 7 && _formatDesc == NULL)
    {
        NSLog(@"Video error: Frame is not an I Frame and format description is null");
        return;
    }

    // NALU type 7 is the SPS parameter NALU
    if (nalu_type == 7)
    {
        // find where the second PPS start code begins, (the 0x00 00 00 01 code)
        // from which we also get the length of the first SPS code
        for (int i = startCodeIndex + 4; i < startCodeIndex + 40; i++)
        {
            if (frame[i] == 0x00 && frame[i+1] == 0x00 && frame[i+2] == 0x00 && frame[i+3] == 0x01)
            {
                secondStartCodeIndex = i;
                _spsSize = secondStartCodeIndex;   // includes the header in the size
                break;
            }
        }

        // find what the second NALU type is
        nalu_type = (frame[secondStartCodeIndex + 4] & 0x1F);
        NSLog(@"~~~~~~~ Received NALU Type \"%@\" ~~~~~~~~", naluTypesStrings[nalu_type]);
    }

    // type 8 is the PPS parameter NALU
    if(nalu_type == 8)
    {
        // find where the NALU after this one starts so we know how long the PPS parameter is
        for (int i = _spsSize + 4; i < _spsSize + 30; i++)
        {
            if (frame[i] == 0x00 && frame[i+1] == 0x00 && frame[i+2] == 0x00 && frame[i+3] == 0x01)
            {
                thirdStartCodeIndex = i;
                _ppsSize = thirdStartCodeIndex - _spsSize;
                break;
            }
        }

        // allocate enough data to fit the SPS and PPS parameters into our data objects.
        // VTD doesn't want you to include the start code header (4 bytes long) so we add the - 4 here
        sps = malloc(_spsSize - 4);
        pps = malloc(_ppsSize - 4);

        // copy in the actual sps and pps values, again ignoring the 4 byte header
        memcpy (sps, &frame[4], _spsSize-4);
        memcpy (pps, &frame[_spsSize+4], _ppsSize-4);

        // now we set our H264 parameters
        uint8_t*  parameterSetPointers[2] = {sps, pps};
        size_t parameterSetSizes[2] = {_spsSize-4, _ppsSize-4};

        // suggestion from @Kris Dude's answer below
        if (_formatDesc) 
        {
            CFRelease(_formatDesc);
            _formatDesc = NULL;
        }

        status = CMVideoFormatDescriptionCreateFromH264ParameterSets(kCFAllocatorDefault, 2, 
                                                (const uint8_t *const*)parameterSetPointers, 
                                                parameterSetSizes, 4, 
                                                &_formatDesc);

        NSLog(@"\t\t Creation of CMVideoFormatDescription: %@", (status == noErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
        if(status != noErr) NSLog(@"\t\t Format Description ERROR type: %d", (int)status);

        // See if decomp session can convert from previous format description 
        // to the new one, if not we need to remake the decomp session.
        // This snippet was not necessary for my applications but it could be for yours
        /*BOOL needNewDecompSession = (VTDecompressionSessionCanAcceptFormatDescription(_decompressionSession, _formatDesc) == NO);
         if(needNewDecompSession)
         {
             [self createDecompSession];
         }*/

        // now lets handle the IDR frame that (should) come after the parameter sets
        // I say "should" because that's how I expect my H264 stream to work, YMMV
        nalu_type = (frame[thirdStartCodeIndex + 4] & 0x1F);
        NSLog(@"~~~~~~~ Received NALU Type \"%@\" ~~~~~~~~", naluTypesStrings[nalu_type]);
    }

    // create our VTDecompressionSession.  This isnt neccessary if you choose to use AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer
    if((status == noErr) && (_decompressionSession == NULL))
    {
        [self createDecompSession];
    }

    // type 5 is an IDR frame NALU.  The SPS and PPS NALUs should always be followed by an IDR (or IFrame) NALU, as far as I know
    if(nalu_type == 5)
    {
        // find the offset, or where the SPS and PPS NALUs end and the IDR frame NALU begins
        int offset = _spsSize + _ppsSize;
        blockLength = frameSize - offset;
        data = malloc(blockLength);
        data = memcpy(data, &frame[offset], blockLength);

        // replace the start code header on this NALU with its size.
        // AVCC format requires that you do this.  
        // htonl converts the unsigned int from host to network byte order
        uint32_t dataLength32 = htonl (blockLength - 4);
        memcpy (data, &dataLength32, sizeof (uint32_t));

        // create a block buffer from the IDR NALU
        status = CMBlockBufferCreateWithMemoryBlock(NULL, data,  // memoryBlock to hold buffered data
                                                    blockLength,  // block length of the mem block in bytes.
                                                    kCFAllocatorNull, NULL,
                                                    0, // offsetToData
                                                    blockLength,   // dataLength of relevant bytes, starting at offsetToData
                                                    0, &blockBuffer);

        NSLog(@"\t\t BlockBufferCreation: \t %@", (status == kCMBlockBufferNoErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
    }

    // NALU type 1 is non-IDR (or PFrame) picture
    if (nalu_type == 1)
    {
        // non-IDR frames do not have an offset due to SPS and PSS, so the approach
        // is similar to the IDR frames just without the offset
        blockLength = frameSize;
        data = malloc(blockLength);
        data = memcpy(data, &frame[0], blockLength);

        // again, replace the start header with the size of the NALU
        uint32_t dataLength32 = htonl (blockLength - 4);
        memcpy (data, &dataLength32, sizeof (uint32_t));

        status = CMBlockBufferCreateWithMemoryBlock(NULL, data,  // memoryBlock to hold data. If NULL, block will be alloc when needed
                                                    blockLength,  // overall length of the mem block in bytes
                                                    kCFAllocatorNull, NULL,
                                                    0,     // offsetToData
                                                    blockLength,  // dataLength of relevant data bytes, starting at offsetToData
                                                    0, &blockBuffer);

        NSLog(@"\t\t BlockBufferCreation: \t %@", (status == kCMBlockBufferNoErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
    }

    // now create our sample buffer from the block buffer,
    if(status == noErr)
    {
        // here I'm not bothering with any timing specifics since in my case we displayed all frames immediately
        const size_t sampleSize = blockLength;
        status = CMSampleBufferCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault,
                                      blockBuffer, true, NULL, NULL,
                                      _formatDesc, 1, 0, NULL, 1,
                                      &sampleSize, &sampleBuffer);

        NSLog(@"\t\t SampleBufferCreate: \t %@", (status == noErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
    }

    if(status == noErr)
    {
        // set some values of the sample buffer's attachments
        CFArrayRef attachments = CMSampleBufferGetSampleAttachmentsArray(sampleBuffer, YES);
        CFMutableDictionaryRef dict = (CFMutableDictionaryRef)CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(attachments, 0);
        CFDictionarySetValue(dict, kCMSampleAttachmentKey_DisplayImmediately, kCFBooleanTrue);

        // either send the samplebuffer to a VTDecompressionSession or to an AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer
        [self render:sampleBuffer];
    }

    // free memory to avoid a memory leak, do the same for sps, pps and blockbuffer
    if (NULL != data)
    {
        free (data);
        data = NULL;
    }
}

以下方法创建您的VTD会话.每当收到新参数时重新创建它.(每次接收参数时都不必重新创建它,非常确定.)

如果要为目标设置属性CVPixelBuffer,请阅读CoreVideo PixelBufferAttributes值并将其放入NSDictionary *destinationImageBufferAttributes.

-(void) createDecompSession
{
    // make sure to destroy the old VTD session
    _decompressionSession = NULL;
    VTDecompressionOutputCallbackRecord callBackRecord;
    callBackRecord.decompressionOutputCallback = decompressionSessionDecodeFrameCallback;

    // this is necessary if you need to make calls to Objective C "self" from within in the callback method.
    callBackRecord.decompressionOutputRefCon = (__bridge void *)self;

    // you can set some desired attributes for the destination pixel buffer.  I didn't use this but you may
    // if you need to set some attributes, be sure to uncomment the dictionary in VTDecompressionSessionCreate
    NSDictionary *destinationImageBufferAttributes = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
                                                      [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES],
                                                      (id)kCVPixelBufferOpenGLESCompatibilityKey,
                                                      nil];

    OSStatus status =  VTDecompressionSessionCreate(NULL, _formatDesc, NULL,
                                                    NULL, // (__bridge CFDictionaryRef)(destinationImageBufferAttributes)
                                                    &callBackRecord, &_decompressionSession);
    NSLog(@"Video Decompression Session Create: \t %@", (status == noErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
    if(status != noErr) NSLog(@"\t\t VTD ERROR type: %d", (int)status);
}

现在,每当VTD解压缩您发送给它的任何帧时,都会调用此方法.即使出现错误或帧被丢弃,也会调用此方法.

void decompressionSessionDecodeFrameCallback(void *decompressionOutputRefCon,
                                             void *sourceFrameRefCon,
                                             OSStatus status,
                                             VTDecodeInfoFlags infoFlags,
                                             CVImageBufferRef imageBuffer,
                                             CMTime presentationTimeStamp,
                                             CMTime presentationDuration)
{
    THISCLASSNAME *streamManager = (__bridge THISCLASSNAME *)decompressionOutputRefCon;

    if (status != noErr)
    {
        NSError *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:NSOSStatusErrorDomain code:status userInfo:nil];
        NSLog(@"Decompressed error: %@", error);
    }
    else
    {
        NSLog(@"Decompressed sucessfully");

        // do something with your resulting CVImageBufferRef that is your decompressed frame
        [streamManager displayDecodedFrame:imageBuffer];
    }
}

这是我们实际将sampleBuffer发送到要解码的VTD的地方.

- (void) render:(CMSampleBufferRef)sampleBuffer
{
    VTDecodeFrameFlags flags = kVTDecodeFrame_EnableAsynchronousDecompression;
    VTDecodeInfoFlags flagOut;
    NSDate* currentTime = [NSDate date];
    VTDecompressionSessionDecodeFrame(_decompressionSession, sampleBuffer, flags,
                                      (void*)CFBridgingRetain(currentTime), &flagOut);

    CFRelease(sampleBuffer);

    // if you're using AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer, you only need to use this line of code
    // [videoLayer enqueueSampleBuffer:sampleBuffer];
}

如果你正在使用AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer,请确保在viewDidLoad或其他一些init方法中初始化这样的层.

-(void) viewDidLoad
{
    // create our AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer and add it to the view
    videoLayer = [[AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer alloc] init];
    videoLayer.frame = self.view.frame;
    videoLayer.bounds = self.view.bounds;
    videoLayer.videoGravity = AVLayerVideoGravityResizeAspect;

    // set Timebase, you may need this if you need to display frames at specific times
    // I didn't need it so I haven't verified that the timebase is working
    CMTimebaseRef controlTimebase;
    CMTimebaseCreateWithMasterClock(CFAllocatorGetDefault(), CMClockGetHostTimeClock(), &controlTimebase);

    //videoLayer.controlTimebase = controlTimebase;
    CMTimebaseSetTime(self.videoLayer.controlTimebase, kCMTimeZero);
    CMTimebaseSetRate(self.videoLayer.controlTimebase, 1.0);

    [[self.view layer] addSublayer:videoLayer];
}

Answer 2

如果你在框架中找不到VTD错误代码,我决定在这里包含它们.(同样,所有这些错误和更多错误都可以VideoToolbox.framework在项目导航器中,在文件中找到VTErrors.h.)

您将在VTD解码帧回调中或在您错误地执行某些操作时创建VTD会话时获得其中一个错误代码.

kVTPropertyNotSupportedErr              = -12900,
kVTPropertyReadOnlyErr                  = -12901,
kVTParameterErr                         = -12902,
kVTInvalidSessionErr                    = -12903,
kVTAllocationFailedErr                  = -12904,
kVTPixelTransferNotSupportedErr         = -12905, // c.f. -8961
kVTCouldNotFindVideoDecoderErr          = -12906,
kVTCouldNotCreateInstanceErr            = -12907,
kVTCouldNotFindVideoEncoderErr          = -12908,
kVTVideoDecoderBadDataErr               = -12909, // c.f. -8969
kVTVideoDecoderUnsupportedDataFormatErr = -12910, // c.f. -8970
kVTVideoDecoderMalfunctionErr           = -12911, // c.f. -8960
kVTVideoEncoderMalfunctionErr           = -12912,
kVTVideoDecoderNotAvailableNowErr       = -12913,
kVTImageRotationNotSupportedErr         = -12914,
kVTVideoEncoderNotAvailableNowErr       = -12915,
kVTFormatDescriptionChangeNotSupportedErr   = -12916,
kVTInsufficientSourceColorDataErr       = -12917,
kVTCouldNotCreateColorCorrectionDataErr = -12918,
kVTColorSyncTransformConvertFailedErr   = -12919,
kVTVideoDecoderAuthorizationErr         = -12210,
kVTVideoEncoderAuthorizationErr         = -12211,
kVTColorCorrectionPixelTransferFailedErr    = -12212,
kVTMultiPassStorageIdentifierMismatchErr    = -12213,
kVTMultiPassStorageInvalidErr           = -12214,
kVTFrameSiloInvalidTimeStampErr         = -12215,
kVTFrameSiloInvalidTimeRangeErr         = -12216,
kVTCouldNotFindTemporalFilterErr        = -12217,
kVTPixelTransferNotPermittedErr         = -12218,

Answer 3

在Josh Baker的Avios库中可以找到一个很好的Swift示例:https://github.com/tidwall/Avios

请注意,Avios目前希望用户在NAL起始代码处理分块数据,但确实处理从该点开始的数据解码.

另外值得一看的是基于Swift的RTMP库HaishinKit(以前称为"LF"),它有自己的解码实现,包括更强大的NALU解析:https://github.com/shogo4405/lf.swift

Answer 4

除了上面的 VTErrors 之外，我认为值得添加在尝试 Livy 示例时可能遇到的 CMFormatDescription、CMBlockBuffer、CMSampleBuffer 错误。

kCMFormatDescriptionError_InvalidParameter  = -12710,
kCMFormatDescriptionError_AllocationFailed  = -12711,
kCMFormatDescriptionError_ValueNotAvailable = -12718,

kCMBlockBufferNoErr                             = 0,
kCMBlockBufferStructureAllocationFailedErr      = -12700,
kCMBlockBufferBlockAllocationFailedErr          = -12701,
kCMBlockBufferBadCustomBlockSourceErr           = -12702,
kCMBlockBufferBadOffsetParameterErr             = -12703,
kCMBlockBufferBadLengthParameterErr             = -12704,
kCMBlockBufferBadPointerParameterErr            = -12705,
kCMBlockBufferEmptyBBufErr                      = -12706,
kCMBlockBufferUnallocatedBlockErr               = -12707,
kCMBlockBufferInsufficientSpaceErr              = -12708,

kCMSampleBufferError_AllocationFailed             = -12730,
kCMSampleBufferError_RequiredParameterMissing     = -12731,
kCMSampleBufferError_AlreadyHasDataBuffer         = -12732,
kCMSampleBufferError_BufferNotReady               = -12733,
kCMSampleBufferError_SampleIndexOutOfRange        = -12734,
kCMSampleBufferError_BufferHasNoSampleSizes       = -12735,
kCMSampleBufferError_BufferHasNoSampleTimingInfo  = -12736,
kCMSampleBufferError_ArrayTooSmall                = -12737,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidEntryCount            = -12738,
kCMSampleBufferError_CannotSubdivide              = -12739,
kCMSampleBufferError_SampleTimingInfoInvalid      = -12740,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidMediaTypeForOperation = -12741,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidSampleData            = -12742,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidMediaFormat           = -12743,
kCMSampleBufferError_Invalidated                  = -12744,
kCMSampleBufferError_DataFailed                   = -16750,
kCMSampleBufferError_DataCanceled                 = -16751,