Foo*_*chu 302 python search numpy
是否有一种numpy-thonic方式,例如函数,来查找数组中最接近的值?
例:
np.find_nearest( array, value )
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unu*_*tbu 470
import numpy as np
def find_nearest(array, value):
array = np.asarray(array)
idx = (np.abs(array - value)).argmin()
return array[idx]
array = np.random.random(10)
print(array)
# [ 0.21069679 0.61290182 0.63425412 0.84635244 0.91599191 0.00213826
# 0.17104965 0.56874386 0.57319379 0.28719469]
value = 0.5
print(find_nearest(array, value))
# 0.568743859261
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Dem*_*tri 75
如果您的数组已排序且非常大,这是一个更快的解决方案:
def find_nearest(array,value):
idx = np.searchsorted(array, value, side="left")
if idx > 0 and (idx == len(array) or math.fabs(value - array[idx-1]) < math.fabs(value - array[idx])):
return array[idx-1]
else:
return array[idx]
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这可以扩展到非常大的数组.如果您不能假设数组已经排序,则可以轻松修改上述内容以在方法中进行排序.这对于小型阵列来说太过分了,但是一旦它们变大,这就会快得多.
kwg*_*man 48
稍作修改,上面的答案适用于任意维度的数组(1d,2d,3d,...):
def find_nearest(a, a0):
"Element in nd array `a` closest to the scalar value `a0`"
idx = np.abs(a - a0).argmin()
return a.flat[idx]
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或者,写成一行:
a.flat[np.abs(a - a0).argmin()]
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Jos*_*ert 17
答案摘要:如果有一个已排序,array则二分码(下面给出)执行速度最快.大型阵列的速度提高约100-1000倍,小型阵列的速度提高约2-100倍.它也不需要numpy.如果你有一个未排序的array那么if array是大的,应该考虑首先使用O(n logn)排序然后二分,如果array小,那么方法2似乎是最快的.
首先,你应该用最接近的值来澄清你的意思.通常人们想要横坐标中的区间,例如array = [0,0.7,2.1],value = 1.95,answer将是idx = 1.这是我怀疑你需要的情况(否则,一旦找到间隔,可以使用后续条件语句很容易地修改以下内容).我会注意到执行此操作的最佳方式是二分(我将首先提供 - 注意它根本不需要numpy并且比使用numpy函数更快,因为它们执行冗余操作).然后我将提供与其他用户在此处呈现的其他人的时序比较.
二分法:
def bisection(array,value):
'''Given an ``array`` , and given a ``value`` , returns an index j such that ``value`` is between array[j]
and array[j+1]. ``array`` must be monotonic increasing. j=-1 or j=len(array) is returned
to indicate that ``value`` is out of range below and above respectively.'''
n = len(array)
if (value < array[0]):
return -1
elif (value > array[n-1]):
return n
jl = 0# Initialize lower
ju = n-1# and upper limits.
while (ju-jl > 1):# If we are not yet done,
jm=(ju+jl) >> 1# compute a midpoint with a bitshift
if (value >= array[jm]):
jl=jm# and replace either the lower limit
else:
ju=jm# or the upper limit, as appropriate.
# Repeat until the test condition is satisfied.
if (value == array[0]):# edge cases at bottom
return 0
elif (value == array[n-1]):# and top
return n-1
else:
return jl
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现在我将从其他答案中定义代码,它们每个都返回一个索引:
import math
import numpy as np
def find_nearest1(array,value):
idx,val = min(enumerate(array), key=lambda x: abs(x[1]-value))
return idx
def find_nearest2(array, values):
indices = np.abs(np.subtract.outer(array, values)).argmin(0)
return indices
def find_nearest3(array, values):
values = np.atleast_1d(values)
indices = np.abs(np.int64(np.subtract.outer(array, values))).argmin(0)
out = array[indices]
return indices
def find_nearest4(array,value):
idx = (np.abs(array-value)).argmin()
return idx
def find_nearest5(array, value):
idx_sorted = np.argsort(array)
sorted_array = np.array(array[idx_sorted])
idx = np.searchsorted(sorted_array, value, side="left")
if idx >= len(array):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[len(array)-1]
elif idx == 0:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[0]
else:
if abs(value - sorted_array[idx-1]) < abs(value - sorted_array[idx]):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx-1]
else:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx]
return idx_nearest
def find_nearest6(array,value):
xi = np.argmin(np.abs(np.ceil(array[None].T - value)),axis=0)
return xi
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现在我将对代码进行计时: 注意方法1,2,4,5没有正确给出间隔.方法1,2,4舍入到阵列中的最近点(例如> = 1.5 - > 2),方法5总是向上舍入(例如1.45 - > 2).只有方法3和6,当然还有二分法才能正确地给出间隔.
array = np.arange(100000)
val = array[50000]+0.55
print( bisection(array,val))
%timeit bisection(array,val)
print( find_nearest1(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest1(array,val)
print( find_nearest2(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest2(array,val)
print( find_nearest3(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest3(array,val)
print( find_nearest4(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest4(array,val)
print( find_nearest5(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest5(array,val)
print( find_nearest6(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest6(array,val)
(50000, 50000)
100000 loops, best of 3: 4.4 µs per loop
50001
1 loop, best of 3: 180 ms per loop
50001
1000 loops, best of 3: 267 µs per loop
[50000]
1000 loops, best of 3: 390 µs per loop
50001
1000 loops, best of 3: 259 µs per loop
50001
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.21 ms per loop
[50000]
1000 loops, best of 3: 746 µs per loop
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对于大阵列,二等分为4us,而下一个最佳为180us,最长为1.21ms(快~100-1000倍).对于较小的阵列,它的速度要快〜2-100倍.
小智 16
这是一个扩展,用于在向量数组中找到最近的向量.
import numpy as np
def find_nearest_vector(array, value):
idx = np.array([np.linalg.norm(x+y) for (x,y) in array-value]).argmin()
return array[idx]
A = np.random.random((10,2))*100
""" A = array([[ 34.19762933, 43.14534123],
[ 48.79558706, 47.79243283],
[ 38.42774411, 84.87155478],
[ 63.64371943, 50.7722317 ],
[ 73.56362857, 27.87895698],
[ 96.67790593, 77.76150486],
[ 68.86202147, 21.38735169],
[ 5.21796467, 59.17051276],
[ 82.92389467, 99.90387851],
[ 6.76626539, 30.50661753]])"""
pt = [6, 30]
print find_nearest_vector(A,pt)
# array([ 6.76626539, 30.50661753])
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这是一个处理非标量"值"数组的版本:
import numpy as np
def find_nearest(array, values):
indices = np.abs(np.subtract.outer(array, values)).argmin(0)
return array[indices]
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或者,如果输入是标量,则返回数值类型的版本(例如int,float):
def find_nearest(array, values):
values = np.atleast_1d(values)
indices = np.abs(np.subtract.outer(array, values)).argmin(0)
out = array[indices]
return out if len(out) > 1 else out[0]
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如果您不想使用numpy,这将执行此操作:
def find_nearest(array, value):
n = [abs(i-value) for i in array]
idx = n.index(min(n))
return array[idx]
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这是@Ari Onasafari的scipy版本,回答" 找到向量数组中最近的向量 "
In [1]: from scipy import spatial
In [2]: import numpy as np
In [3]: A = np.random.random((10,2))*100
In [4]: A
Out[4]:
array([[ 68.83402637, 38.07632221],
[ 76.84704074, 24.9395109 ],
[ 16.26715795, 98.52763827],
[ 70.99411985, 67.31740151],
[ 71.72452181, 24.13516764],
[ 17.22707611, 20.65425362],
[ 43.85122458, 21.50624882],
[ 76.71987125, 44.95031274],
[ 63.77341073, 78.87417774],
[ 8.45828909, 30.18426696]])
In [5]: pt = [6, 30] # <-- the point to find
In [6]: A[spatial.KDTree(A).query(pt)[1]] # <-- the nearest point
Out[6]: array([ 8.45828909, 30.18426696])
#how it works!
In [7]: distance,index = spatial.KDTree(A).query(pt)
In [8]: distance # <-- The distances to the nearest neighbors
Out[8]: 2.4651855048258393
In [9]: index # <-- The locations of the neighbors
Out[9]: 9
#then
In [10]: A[index]
Out[10]: array([ 8.45828909, 30.18426696])
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对于大型阵列,@ Demitri给出的(优秀)答案远远快于目前标记为最佳的答案.我已经通过以下两种方式调整了他的确切算法:
无论输入数组是否已排序,下面的函数都有效.
下面的函数返回与最接近的值对应的输入数组的索引,这稍微更一般.
请注意,下面的函数还处理特定的边缘情况,这会导致@Demitri编写的原始函数中的错误.否则,我的算法与他的算法相同.
def find_idx_nearest_val(array, value):
idx_sorted = np.argsort(array)
sorted_array = np.array(array[idx_sorted])
idx = np.searchsorted(sorted_array, value, side="left")
if idx >= len(array):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[len(array)-1]
elif idx == 0:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[0]
else:
if abs(value - sorted_array[idx-1]) < abs(value - sorted_array[idx]):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx-1]
else:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx]
return idx_nearest
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我认为最Pythonic的方式是:
num = 65 # Input number
array = np.random.random((10))*100 # Given array
nearest_idx = np.where(abs(array-num)==abs(array-num).min())[0] # If you want the index of the element of array (array) nearest to the the given number (num)
nearest_val = array[abs(array-num)==abs(array-num).min()] # If you directly want the element of array (array) nearest to the given number (num)
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这是基本代码。如果需要,您可以将其用作函数
所有的答案都有利于收集信息以编写高效的代码。不过,我编写了一个小型 Python 脚本来针对各种情况进行优化。如果提供的数组已排序,这将是最好的情况。如果搜索指定值的最近点的索引,则bisect模块是最省时的。当搜索对应于数组的索引时,numpy searchsorted效率最高。
import numpy as np\nimport bisect\nxarr = np.random.rand(int(1e7))\n\nsrt_ind = xarr.argsort()\nxar = xarr.copy()[srt_ind]\nxlist = xar.tolist()\nbisect.bisect_left(xlist, 0.3)\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n\n在[63]中: %time bisect.bisect_left(xlist, 0.3)\n CPU 时间:用户 0 ns,系统:0 ns,总计:0 ns\n 运行时间:22.2 \xc2\xb5s
\n\nnp.searchsorted(xar, 0.3, side="left")\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n\n在[64]中:%time np.searchsorted(xar, 0.3, side="left")\n CPU时间:用户0 ns,系统:0 ns,总计:0 ns\n Wall时间:98.9 \xc2\xb5s
\n\nrandpts = np.random.rand(1000)\nnp.searchsorted(xar, randpts, side="left")\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n\n%time np.searchsorted(xar, randpts, side="left")\nCPU 时间:用户 4 毫秒,系统:0 纳秒,总计:4 毫秒\nWall 时间:1.2 毫秒
\n\n如果我们遵循乘法规则,那么 numpy 应该需要约 100 毫秒,这意味着速度要快约 83 倍。
\n如果您有很多values要搜索的东西,这是@Dimitri解决方案的快速向量化版本(values可以是多维数组):
#`values` should be sorted
def get_closest(array, values):
#make sure array is a numpy array
array = np.array(array)
# get insert positions
idxs = np.searchsorted(array, values, side="left")
# find indexes where previous index is closer
prev_idx_is_less = ((idxs == len(array))|(np.fabs(values - array[np.maximum(idxs-1, 0)]) < np.fabs(values - array[np.minimum(idxs, len(array)-1)])))
idxs[prev_idx_is_less] -= 1
return array[idxs]
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基准测试
比使用for@Demitri解决方案的循环快100倍以上
>>> %timeit ar=get_closest(np.linspace(1, 1000, 100), np.random.randint(0, 1050, (1000, 1000)))
139 ms ± 4.04 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
>>> %timeit ar=[find_nearest(np.linspace(1, 1000, 100), value) for value in np.random.randint(0, 1050, 1000*1000)]
took 21.4 seconds
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这是unutbu 答案的矢量化版本:
def find_nearest(array, values):
array = np.asarray(array)
# the last dim must be 1 to broadcast in (array - values) below.
values = np.expand_dims(values, axis=-1)
indices = np.abs(array - values).argmin(axis=-1)
return array[indices]
image = plt.imread('example_3_band_image.jpg')
print(image.shape) # should be (nrows, ncols, 3)
quantiles = np.linspace(0, 255, num=2 ** 2, dtype=np.uint8)
quantiled_image = find_nearest(quantiles, image)
print(quantiled_image.shape) # should be (nrows, ncols, 3)
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也许有帮助ndarrays:
def find_nearest(X, value):
return X[np.unravel_index(np.argmin(np.abs(X - value)), X.shape)]
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