Ruby:从实例调用类方法

Question

在Ruby中,如何从该类的实例中调用类方法？说我有

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    # Class method.
    "mac"
  end

  def initialize
    # Instance method.
    Truck.default_make  # gets the default via the class's method.
    # But: I wish to avoid mentioning Truck. Seems I'm repeating myself.
  end
end

该行Truck.default_make检索默认值.但有没有提到这样说的方法Truck呢？好像应该有.

Answer 1

您可以调用实例方法,而不是引用类的文字名称self.class.whatever.

class Foo
    def self.some_class_method
        puts self
    end

    def some_instance_method
        self.class.some_class_method
    end
end

print "Class method: "
Foo.some_class_method

print "Instance method: "
Foo.new.some_instance_method

输出:

Class method: Foo
Instance method: Foo

Answer 2

使用self.class.blah是不一样的使用ClassName.blah,当涉及到继承.

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    "mac"
  end

  def make1
    self.class.default_make
  end

  def make2
    Truck.default_make
  end
end


class BigTruck < Truck
  def self.default_make
    "bigmac"
  end
end

ruby-1.9.3-p0 :021 > b=BigTruck.new
 => #<BigTruck:0x0000000307f348> 
ruby-1.9.3-p0 :022 > b.make1
 => "bigmac" 
ruby-1.9.3-p0 :023 > b.make2
 => "mac" 

Answer 3

要访问实例方法中的类方法,请执行以下操作:

self.class.default_make

以下是您的问题的替代解决方案:

class Truck

  attr_accessor :make, :year

  def self.default_make
    "Toyota"
  end

  def make
    @make || self.class.default_make
  end

  def initialize(make=nil, year=nil)
    self.year, self.make = year, make
  end
end

现在让我们使用我们的课程:

t = Truck.new("Honda", 2000)
t.make
# => "Honda"
t.year
# => "2000"

t = Truck.new
t.make
# => "Toyota"
t.year
# => nil

Answer 4

如果您有权访问委托方法,则可以执行以下操作:

[20] pry(main)> class Foo
[20] pry(main)*   def self.bar
[20] pry(main)*     "foo bar"
[20] pry(main)*   end  
[20] pry(main)*   delegate :bar, to: 'self.class'
[20] pry(main)* end  
=> [:bar]
[21] pry(main)> Foo.new.bar
=> "foo bar"
[22] pry(main)> Foo.bar
=> "foo bar"

或者,如果你想要委托给类和实例的方法有两个以上,那么可能更干净:

[1] pry(main)> class Foo
[1] pry(main)*   module AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)*     def bar
[1] pry(main)*       "foo bar"
[1] pry(main)*     end  
[1] pry(main)*   end  
[1] pry(main)*   include AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)*   extend AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)* end  
=> Foo
[2] pry(main)> Foo.new.bar
=> "foo bar"
[3] pry(main)> Foo.bar
=> "foo bar"

提醒一句:

不要只是将delegate所有不会改变状态的东西随机地分配到类和实例,因为你将开始遇到奇怪的名称冲突问题.谨慎地做到这一点,只有在你检查后没有别的东西被压扁.

Answer 5

self.class.default_make

Answer 6

你正在以正确的方式做到这一点.类方法(类似于C++或Java中的'静态'方法)不是实例的一部分,因此必须直接引用它们.

在那个例子中,在你的例子中,你可以更好地使'default_make'成为常规方法:

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Truck
    def default_make
        # Class method.
        "mac"
    end

    def initialize
        # Instance method.
        puts default_make  # gets the default via the class's method.
    end
end

myTruck = Truck.new()

类方法对使用该类的实用程序类型函数更有用.例如:

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Truck
    attr_accessor :make

    def default_make
        # Class method.
        "mac"
    end

    def self.buildTrucks(make, count)
        truckArray = []

        (1..count).each do
            truckArray << Truck.new(make)
        end

        return truckArray
    end

    def initialize(make = nil)
        if( make == nil )
            @make = default_make()
        else
            @make = make
        end
    end
end

myTrucks = Truck.buildTrucks("Yotota", 4)

myTrucks.each do |truck|
    puts truck.make
end