如何使用R(Rcurl/XML包？!)来抓取这个网页？

Question

我有一个(有点复杂的)网络抓取挑战,我希望完成,并希望在某个方向(你想分享的任何级别)这里:

我想通过此链接中的所有"物种页面":

http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/

所以对于他们每个人我会去:

1. 物种页面链接(例如:http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/Aero_pern/)
2. 然后到"二级结构"页面链接(例如:http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/Aero_pern/Aero_pern-structs.html)

在该链接中,我希望废弃页面中的数据,以便我将有一个包含此数据的长列表(例如):

chr.trna3 (1-77)    Length: 77 bp
Type: Ala   Anticodon: CGC at 35-37 (35-37) Score: 93.45
Seq: GGGCCGGTAGCTCAGCCtGGAAGAGCGCCGCCCTCGCACGGCGGAGGcCCCGGGTTCAAATCCCGGCCGGTCCACCA
Str: >>>>>>>..>>>>.........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<.....>>>>>.......<<<<<<<<<<<<....

每一行都有自己的列表(在每个动物列表中每个"trna"的列表内)

我记得看过Rcurl和XML(在R中)可以允许这样的任务.但我不知道如何使用它们.所以我希望拥有的是:1.关于如何构建这样的代码的一些建议.2.并建议如何学习执行此类任务所需的知识.

谢谢你的帮助,

塔尔

Answer 1

塔尔,

您可以使用R和XML包来执行此操作,但是(该死的)这是您尝试解析的一些格式错误的HTML.实际上,在大多数情况下,您可能希望使用此readHTMLTable()函数,该函数在此前一个帖子中有所涉及.

但是,鉴于这个丑陋的HTML,我们将不得不使用该RCurl包来提取原始HTML并创建一些自定义函数来解析它.这个问题有两个组成部分:

1. 使用包中的函数和一些正则表达式魔法从基本网页(http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/)获取所有基因组URL :-)getURLContent()RCurl
2. 然后获取URL列表并抓取您要查找的数据,然后将其粘贴到data.frame.

所以,这里......

library(RCurl)

### 1) First task is to get all of the web links we will need ##
base_url<-"http://gtrnadb.ucsc.edu/"
base_html<-getURLContent(base_url)[[1]]
links<-strsplit(base_html,"a href=")[[1]]

get_data_url<-function(s) {
    u_split1<-strsplit(s,"/")[[1]][1]
    u_split2<-strsplit(u_split1,'\\"')[[1]][2]
    ifelse(grep("[[:upper:]]",u_split2)==1 & length(strsplit(u_split2,"#")[[1]])<2,return(u_split2),return(NA))
}

# Extract only those element that are relevant
genomes<-unlist(lapply(links,get_data_url))
genomes<-genomes[which(is.na(genomes)==FALSE)]

### 2) Now, scrape the genome data from all of those URLS ###

# This requires two complementary functions that are designed specifically
# for the UCSC website. The first parses the data from a -structs.html page
# and the second collects that data in to a multi-dimensional list
parse_genomes<-function(g) {
    g_split1<-strsplit(g,"\n")[[1]]
    g_split1<-g_split1[2:5]
    # Pull all of the data and stick it in a list
    g_split2<-strsplit(g_split1[1],"\t")[[1]]
    ID<-g_split2[1]                             # Sequence ID
    LEN<-strsplit(g_split2[2],": ")[[1]][2]     # Length
    g_split3<-strsplit(g_split1[2],"\t")[[1]]
    TYPE<-strsplit(g_split3[1],": ")[[1]][2]    # Type
    AC<-strsplit(g_split3[2],": ")[[1]][2]      # Anticodon
    SEQ<-strsplit(g_split1[3],": ")[[1]][2]     # ID
    STR<-strsplit(g_split1[4],": ")[[1]][2]     # String
    return(c(ID,LEN,TYPE,AC,SEQ,STR))
}

# This will be a high dimensional list with all of the data, you can then manipulate as you like
get_structs<-function(u) {
    struct_url<-paste(base_url,u,"/",u,"-structs.html",sep="")
    raw_data<-getURLContent(struct_url)
    s_split1<-strsplit(raw_data,"<PRE>")[[1]]
    all_data<-s_split1[seq(3,length(s_split1))]
    data_list<-lapply(all_data,parse_genomes)
    for (d in 1:length(data_list)) {data_list[[d]]<-append(data_list[[d]],u)}
    return(data_list)
}

# Collect data, manipulate, and create data frame (with slight cleaning)
genomes_list<-lapply(genomes[1:2],get_structs) # Limit to the first two genomes (Bdist & Spurp), a full scrape will take a LONG time
genomes_rows<-unlist(genomes_list,recursive=FALSE) # The recursive=FALSE saves a lot of work, now we can just do a straigh forward manipulation
genome_data<-t(sapply(genomes_rows,rbind))
colnames(genome_data)<-c("ID","LEN","TYPE","AC","SEQ","STR","NAME")
genome_data<-as.data.frame(genome_data)
genome_data<-subset(genome_data,ID!="</PRE>")   # Some malformed web pages produce bad rows, but we can remove them

head(genome_data)

结果数据框包含与每个基因组条目相关的七列:ID,长度,类型,序列,字符串和名称.名称列包含基础基因组,这是我对数据组织的最佳猜测.这就是它的样子:

head(genome_data)
                                   ID   LEN TYPE                           AC                                                                       SEQ
1     Scaffold17302.trna1 (1426-1498) 73 bp  Ala     AGC at 34-36 (1459-1461) AGGGAGCTAGCTCAGATGGTAGAGCGCTCGCTTAGCATGCGAGAGGtACCGGGATCGATGCCCGGGTTTTCCA
2   Scaffold20851.trna5 (43038-43110) 73 bp  Ala   AGC at 34-36 (43071-43073) AGGGAGCTAGCTCAGATGGTAGAGCGCTCGCTTAGCATGCGAGAGGtACCGGGATCGATGCCCGGGTTCTCCA
3   Scaffold20851.trna8 (45975-46047) 73 bp  Ala   AGC at 34-36 (46008-46010) TGGGAGCTAGCTCAGATGGTAGAGCGCTCGCTTAGCATGCGAGAGGtACCGGGATCGATGCCCGGGTTCTCCA
4     Scaffold17302.trna2 (2514-2586) 73 bp  Ala     AGC at 34-36 (2547-2549) GGGGAGCTAGCTCAGATGGTAGAGCGCTCGCTTAGCATGCGAGAGGtACAGGGATCGATGCCCGGGTTCTCCA
5 Scaffold51754.trna5 (253637-253565) 73 bp  Ala AGC at 34-36 (253604-253602) CGGGGGCTAGCTCAGATGGTAGAGCGCTCGCTTAGCATGCGAGAGGtACCGGGATCGATGCCCGGGTCCTCCA
6     Scaffold17302.trna4 (6027-6099) 73 bp  Ala     AGC at 34-36 (6060-6062) GGGGAGCTAGCTCAGATGGTAGAGCGCTCGCTTAGCATGCGAGAGGtACCGGGATCGATGCCCGAGTTCTCCA
                                                                        STR  NAME
1 .>>>>>>..>>>>........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<.....>>>>>.......<<<<<<<<<<<.. Spurp
2 .>>>>>>..>>>>........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<.....>>>>>.......<<<<<<<<<<<.. Spurp
3 .>>>>>>..>>>>........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<.....>>>>>.......<<<<<<<<<<<.. Spurp
4 >>>>>>>..>>>>........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<.....>.>>>.......<<<.<<<<<<<<. Spurp
5 .>>>>>>..>>>>........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<.....>>>>>.......<<<<<<<<<<<.. Spurp
6 >>>>>>>..>>>>........<<<<.>>>>>.......<<<<<......>>>>.......<<<<.<<<<<<<. Spurp

我希望这会有所帮助,并感谢有趣的小周日下午R挑战!