为pyopengl和numpy构建交错缓冲区

Question

我试图在交错数组中批量处理一堆顶点和纹理坐标,然后再发送给pyOpengl的glInterleavedArrays/glDrawArrays.唯一的问题是我无法找到足够快的方法将数据附加到numpy数组中.

有一个更好的方法吗？我原本以为预先分配数组然后用数据填充它会更快,但生成一个python列表并将其转换为numpy数组是"更快".虽然4096个四边形的15毫秒似乎很慢.

我已经包含了一些示例代码及其时间.

#!/usr/bin/python

import timeit
import numpy
import ctypes
import random

USE_RANDOM=True
USE_STATIC_BUFFER=True

STATIC_BUFFER = numpy.empty(4096*20, dtype=numpy.float32)

def render(i):
    # pretend these are different each time
    if USE_RANDOM:
        tex_left, tex_right, tex_top, tex_bottom = random.random(), random.random(), random.random(), random.random()
        left, right, top, bottom = random.random(), random.random(), random.random(), random.random()
    else:
        tex_left, tex_right, tex_top, tex_bottom = 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0
        left, right, top, bottom = -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0

    ibuffer = (
        tex_left, tex_bottom,   left, bottom, 0.0,  # Lower left corner
        tex_right, tex_bottom,  right, bottom, 0.0, # Lower right corner
        tex_right, tex_top,     right, top, 0.0,    # Upper right corner
        tex_left, tex_top,      left, top, 0.0,     # upper left
    )

    return ibuffer



# create python list.. convert to numpy array at end
def create_array_1():
    ibuffer = []
    for x in xrange(4096):
        data = render(x)
        ibuffer += data

    ibuffer = numpy.array(ibuffer, dtype=numpy.float32)
    return ibuffer

# numpy.array, placing individually by index
def create_array_2():
    if USE_STATIC_BUFFER:
        ibuffer = STATIC_BUFFER
    else:
        ibuffer = numpy.empty(4096*20, dtype=numpy.float32)
    index = 0
    for x in xrange(4096):
        data = render(x)
        for v in data:
            ibuffer[index] = v
            index += 1
    return ibuffer

# using slicing
def create_array_3():
    if USE_STATIC_BUFFER:
        ibuffer = STATIC_BUFFER
    else:
        ibuffer = numpy.empty(4096*20, dtype=numpy.float32)
    index = 0
    for x in xrange(4096):
        data = render(x)
        ibuffer[index:index+20] = data
        index += 20
    return ibuffer

# using numpy.concat on a list of ibuffers
def create_array_4():
    ibuffer_concat = []
    for x in xrange(4096):
        data = render(x)
        # converting makes a diff!
        data = numpy.array(data, dtype=numpy.float32)
        ibuffer_concat.append(data)
    return numpy.concatenate(ibuffer_concat)

# using numpy array.put
def create_array_5():
    if USE_STATIC_BUFFER:
        ibuffer = STATIC_BUFFER
    else:
        ibuffer = numpy.empty(4096*20, dtype=numpy.float32)
    index = 0
    for x in xrange(4096):
        data = render(x)
        ibuffer.put( xrange(index, index+20), data)
        index += 20
    return ibuffer

# using ctype array
CTYPES_ARRAY = ctypes.c_float*(4096*20)
def create_array_6():
    ibuffer = []
    for x in xrange(4096):
        data = render(x)
        ibuffer += data
    ibuffer = CTYPES_ARRAY(*ibuffer)
    return ibuffer

def equals(a, b):

    for i,v in enumerate(a):
        if b[i] != v:
            return False
    return True



if __name__ == "__main__":
    number = 100

    # if random, don't try and compare arrays
    if not USE_RANDOM and not USE_STATIC_BUFFER:
        a =  create_array_1()
        assert equals( a, create_array_2() )
        assert equals( a, create_array_3() )
        assert equals( a, create_array_4() )
        assert equals( a, create_array_5() )
        assert equals( a, create_array_6() )

    t = timeit.Timer( "testing2.create_array_1()", "import testing2" )
    print 'from list:', t.timeit(number)/number*1000.0, 'ms'

    t = timeit.Timer( "testing2.create_array_2()", "import testing2" )
    print 'array: indexed:', t.timeit(number)/number*1000.0, 'ms'

    t = timeit.Timer( "testing2.create_array_3()", "import testing2" )
    print 'array: slicing:', t.timeit(number)/number*1000.0, 'ms'

    t = timeit.Timer( "testing2.create_array_4()", "import testing2" )
    print 'array: concat:', t.timeit(number)/number*1000.0, 'ms'

    t = timeit.Timer( "testing2.create_array_5()", "import testing2" )
    print 'array: put:', t.timeit(number)/number*1000.0, 'ms'

    t = timeit.Timer( "testing2.create_array_6()", "import testing2" )
    print 'ctypes float array:', t.timeit(number)/number*1000.0, 'ms'

使用随机数的计时:

$ python testing2.py
from list: 15.0486779213 ms
array: indexed: 24.8184704781 ms
array: slicing: 50.2214789391 ms
array: concat: 44.1691994667 ms
array: put: 73.5879898071 ms
ctypes float array: 20.6674289703 ms

编辑注释:更改代码以为每个渲染生成随机数,以减少对象重用并每次模拟不同的顶点.

编辑note2:添加静态缓冲区并强制所有numpy.empty()使用dtype = float32

注释1/Apr/2010:仍然没有进展,我真的不觉得任何答案已经解决了问题.

Answer 1

create_array_1 如此快的原因似乎是（python）列表中的项目都指向同一个对象。如果您测试一下，您可以看到这一点：

print (ibuffer[0] is ibuffer[1])

子程序内部。在 create_array_1 中这是 true （在创建 numpy 数组之前），而在 create_array_2 中这总是 false。我猜这意味着数组转换中的数据转换步骤只需在 create_array_1 中发生一次，而在 create_array_2 中发生 4096 次。

如果这是原因，我想如果你让渲染生成随机数据，时间会有所不同。Create_array_5 是最慢的，因为每次向末尾添加数据时它都会创建一个新数组。