Cha*_*l72 22 algorithm big-o binary-tree
我对算法类的以下作业问题感到难过:
假设我们给出了一个n值x 1,x 2 ... x n的序列,并寻求快速回答形式的重复查询:给定i和j,找到x i ... x j中的最小值
设计一个使用O(n)空间的数据结构,并在O(log n)时间内回答查询.
首先,我不确定一个序列是指一个有序集合,还是一个未排序的集合 - 但由于它没有说明,否则我会假设序列意味着未排序.
所以,我意识到这显然必须涉及二叉树,如果我们谈论的是O(log N)查找时间.所以基本上,我想,你有一个集合S
,并将每个元素插入S
到二叉树中.问题是,这个问题基本上要求我想出一种方法来回答查询,其中我将一系列索引分配到未排序的集合中 - 然后在O(log N)时间内确定该范围中的最低值.怎么可能?即使将每个数量的集合插入树中,我能做的最好的事情是在O(log N)时间内查找任何特定的数字.这不允许我在未排序的数字范围内找到最低值S
.
有什么建议?
Eri*_*ric 12
如果对集合进行了排序,则不需要树.范围[i,j]中的最小元素将具有索引i.
因此,假设序列的元素按照它们在树叶处的索引的顺序存储.您是否可以在每个内部节点存储任何其他信息(嗯,可能是某种最小值和最大值)以方便您的查询?
如果是,那么如果树是平衡的,并且如果您只通过查看从根到{i,j}的两个元素的两条路径来回答您的查询,那么您将获得O(log N)查找成本.由于具有N个叶子的平衡二叉树包含(2N-1)个总节点,因此您还将满足O(N)存储限制.
更多细节:考虑计算范围[i,j]中的最小值.
在树的每个内部节点A处,保持其下方所有叶子的最小值.这可以在首次构建树时自下而上计算.
现在从叶子开始.走上树,把你的候选人最小值保持在i的值或任何已知的j和i的左边.停止i和j的共同祖先下面的一个节点.
从叶j开始.走上树,再次保持你的候选人最小值为j或任何已知左边的j和i的左边.
那么[i,j]的最小值就是你计算出的两个值的最小值.计算最大值是类似的.总存储要求是每个内部节点2个值加上每个内部节点的两个指针加上每个叶子一个值,对于完整树来说是N + 4(N-1).
你旅行的路径了从叶我的树,是你将前往同一路径下的树,如果你正在寻找叶我.
用于搜索的C#代码:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace RangeSearch
{
public class RangeSearch
{
int[] tree;
int N;
int LeafLocation(int leafNumber) { return leafNumber + N - 1; }
int LeafValue(int leafNumber) { return tree[ LeafLocation(leafNumber)]; }
int LeftChild(int x) { return 2*x + 1; }
int RightChild(int x) { return 2*x + 2; }
int Parent(int x) { return (x-1)/2; }
bool IsPowerOf2(int x) { while (x > 0) { if (x == 1) return true; if ((x & 1) == 1 ) return false; x = x >> 1; } return false; }
bool IsAncestorOf( int x, int y ) { if( x>y ) return false; return x==y || IsAncestorOf(LeftChild(x), y) || IsAncestorOf(RightChild(x),y); } // note: violating time bound for legibility, can fix by storing min/max descendant index at each node
public RangeSearch(params int[] vals)
{
if (!IsPowerOf2(vals.Length))
throw new ArgumentException("this implementation restricted to N being power of 2");
N = vals.Length;
tree = new int[2 * N - 1];
// the right half of the array contains the leaves
vals.CopyTo(tree, N - 1);
// the left half of the array contains the interior nodes, each of which holds the minimum of all its children
for (int i = N - 2; i >= 0; i--)
tree[i] = Math.Min(tree[LeftChild(i)], tree[RightChild(i)]);
}
public int FindMin(int a, int b)
{
if( a>b )
throw new ArgumentException( "FindMin expects a range [a,b] with a<=b" );
int x = Walk( a, true, b);
int y = Walk( b, false, a);
return Math.Min(x, y);
}
int Walk( int leafNumber, bool leftSide, int otherLeafNumber )
{
int minSoFar = LeafValue(leafNumber);
int leafLocation = LeafLocation(leafNumber);
int otherLeafLocation = LeafLocation(otherLeafNumber);
int parent = Parent(leafLocation);
bool cameFromLeft = (leafLocation == LeftChild(parent));
return Walk2(minSoFar, parent, cameFromLeft, leftSide, otherLeafLocation);
}
int Walk2(int minSoFar, int node, bool cameFromLeft, bool leftSide, int otherLeafLocation)
{
if (IsAncestorOf(node, otherLeafLocation))
return minSoFar;
if (leftSide)
minSoFar = !cameFromLeft ? minSoFar : Math.Min(minSoFar, tree[RightChild(node)]);
else
minSoFar = cameFromLeft ? minSoFar : Math.Min(minSoFar, tree[LeftChild(node)]);
return Walk2(minSoFar, Parent(node), node == LeftChild(Parent(node)), leftSide, otherLeafLocation);
}
}
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
C#代码测试它:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace RangeSearch
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
RangeSearch rngA = new RangeSearch(9, 3, 7, 1);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(3 == rngA.FindMin(0, 2) );
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(1 == rngA.FindMin(0, 3));
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(1 == rngA.FindMin(1, 3));
RangeSearch rngB = new RangeSearch(1, 7, 3, 9);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(3 == rngB.FindMin(1, 3));
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(1 == rngB.FindMin(0, 3));
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(1 == rngB.FindMin(0, 2));
RangeSearch rngC = new RangeSearch(17, 21, 77, 70, 58, 79, 79, 89);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(21 == rngC.FindMin(1, 7));
RangeSearch rngD = new RangeSearch(94, 78, 88, 72, 95, 97, 89, 83);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(72 == rngD.FindMin(1, 6));
RangeSearch rngE = new RangeSearch(0, 66, 6, 43, 34, 34, 63, 49);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(34 == rngE.FindMin(3, 4));
Random rnd = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
{
int[] tmp = new int[64];
for (int j = 0; j < tmp.Length; j++)
tmp[j] = rnd.Next(0, 100);
int a = rnd.Next(0, tmp.Length);
int b = rnd.Next(a, tmp.Length);
RangeSearch rng = new RangeSearch(tmp);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(Min(tmp, a, b) == rng.FindMin(a, b));
}
}
static int Min(int[] ar, int a, int b)
{
int x = ar[a];
for (int i = a + 1; i <= b; i++)
x = Math.Min(x, ar[i]);
return x;
}
}
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
归档时间: |
|
查看次数: |
8022 次 |
最近记录: |