双缓冲故障(2013年12月17日更新)

Alw*_*uff 6 c++ winapi flicker double-buffering

介绍及相关资料:

我有一个复杂的绘画要在我的主窗口的WM_PAINT处理程序中实现.

我已经提交了一张图片来说明它:

在此输入图像描述

主窗口具有静态控件,而不是具有样式的按钮SS_NOTIFY.

当用户点击它们时,程序中会发生某些操作,这与现在无关.

下图显示了主窗口中静态控件的位置:

在此输入图像描述

橙色面板上的地图是EMF文件,左上角和右上角的徽标是PNG文件,其他图片是bitmaps.

Visual Styles通过#pragma指令启用.我也GDI+一起使用GDI.

项目是作为空项目创建的,我已经从"临时"编写了所有内容.

为了实现这个任务,我决定将整个画面画出来WM_PAINT,并将透明static control放在与它们对应的图像上.

为了保持我的代码干净简单,我已经制作了实现上述功能的函数,因此我的WM_PAINT处理程序可以尽可能小.

更新#1(2013年12月17日更新):

为了实现从成员arx获得的建议,我发布了一个可以编译的单一源代码,可以重现问题:

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <commctrl.h>
#include <gdiplus.h>

#pragma comment( linker, "/manifestdependency:\"type='win32' \
                 name='Microsoft.Windows.Common-Controls' version='6.0.0.0' \
                 processorArchitecture='*' publicKeyToken='6595b64144ccf1df' \
                 language='*'\"" )

#pragma comment( lib, "comctl32.lib")
#pragma comment( lib, "Msimg32.lib" ) 
#pragma comment( lib, "Gdiplus.lib" )

using namespace Gdiplus;

// variable for storing the instance

static HINSTANCE hInst; 

// variables for painting the window

static HBRUSH hbPozadina, // gray background brush for grid on the top
   BlueFrame, // needed to frame blue static controls
       hbr; // orange brush for orange panel

/********* helper functions for WM_PAINT **********/

// Fills triangle with gradient brush

void GradientTriangle( HDC MemDC, 
                       LONG x1, LONG y1, 
                       LONG x2, LONG y2, 
                       LONG x3, LONG y3,
                       COLORREF top, COLORREF bottom )
{
    TRIVERTEX vertex[3];

    vertex[0].x     = x1;
    vertex[0].y     = y1;
    vertex[0].Red   = GetRValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertex[0].Green = GetGValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertex[0].Blue  = GetBValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertex[0].Alpha = 0x0000;

    vertex[1].x     = x2;
    vertex[1].y     = y2;
    vertex[1].Red   = GetRValue(top) << 8;
    vertex[1].Green = GetGValue(top) << 8;
    vertex[1].Blue  = GetBValue(top) << 8;
    vertex[1].Alpha = 0x0000;

    vertex[2].x     = x3;
    vertex[2].y     = y3; 
    vertex[2].Red   = GetRValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertex[2].Green = GetGValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertex[2].Blue  = GetBValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertex[2].Alpha = 0x0000;

    // Create a GRADIENT_TRIANGLE structure that
    // references the TRIVERTEX vertices.

    GRADIENT_TRIANGLE gTriangle;

    gTriangle.Vertex1 = 0;
    gTriangle.Vertex2 = 1;
    gTriangle.Vertex3 = 2;

    // Draw a shaded triangle.

    GradientFill( MemDC, vertex, 3, &gTriangle, 1, GRADIENT_FILL_TRIANGLE);
 }

 // draws the background for the part of the window between header and footer

 void drawBackground( HDC MemDC, RECT r )
 {
      /******* main window's gradient background ********/

      GradientTriangle( MemDC, r.right, r.bottom - r.top - 30, 
                               r.left, r.bottom - r.top - 30,
                               r.left, r.top + 120,
                               RGB( 0x95, 0xB3, 0xD7 ), 
                               RGB( 0xDB, 0xE5, 0xF1 ) );

      GradientTriangle( MemDC, r.right, r.bottom - r.top - 30, 
                               r.right, r.top + 120,
                               r.left, r.top + 120, 
                               RGB( 0x95, 0xB3, 0xD7 ), 
                               RGB( 0xDB, 0xE5, 0xF1 ) );
}

// draws the header of the main window

void drawHeader( HDC MemDC, RECT rect, HBRUSH hbPozadina )
{
    FillRect( MemDC, &rect, hbPozadina );
}

// fills rectangle with gradient brush

void GradientRectangle( HDC MemDC, 
                        LONG x1, LONG y1,
                        LONG x2, LONG y2,
                        COLORREF top,
                        COLORREF bottom )
{
    // vertexes for static's gradient color

    TRIVERTEX vertexS[2];

    vertexS[0].x     = x1;
    vertexS[0].y     = y1;
    vertexS[0].Red   = GetRValue(top) << 8;
    vertexS[0].Green = GetGValue(top) << 8;
    vertexS[0].Blue  = GetBValue(top) << 8;
    vertexS[0].Alpha = 0x0000;

    vertexS[1].x     = x2;
    vertexS[1].y     = y2; 
    vertexS[1].Red   = GetRValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertexS[1].Green = GetGValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertexS[1].Blue  = GetBValue(bottom) << 8;
    vertexS[1].Alpha = 0x0000;

    // Create a GRADIENT_RECT structure that 
    // references the TRIVERTEX vertices.

    GRADIENT_RECT gRect;

    gRect.UpperLeft  = 0;
    gRect.LowerRight = 1;

    // Draw a shaded rectangle. 

    GradientFill( MemDC, vertexS, 2, &gRect, 1, GRADIENT_FILL_RECT_V );
}

// fills the "button" with blue gradient and frames it with blue brush

void FillButton( HDC MemDC, RECT rect, HBRUSH BlueFrame )
{
    // fill upper half of the rectangle

    GradientRectangle( MemDC, 
                       rect.left, rect.top, 
                       rect.right, rect.top + ( rect.bottom - rect.top ) / 2,
                       RGB( 0x95, 0xB3, 0xD7 ), 
                       RGB( 0x4F, 0x8B, 0xBD ) );

    // fill bottom half of the rectangle

    GradientRectangle( MemDC, 
                       rect.left, rect.top + ( rect.bottom - rect.top ) / 2,
                       rect.right, rect.bottom, 
                       RGB( 0x4F, 0x8B, 0xBD ),
                       RGB( 0x95, 0xB3, 0xD7 ) );

    FrameRect( MemDC, &rect, BlueFrame );
}

// draws the "status bar" at the bottom of the main window

void drawFooter( HDC MemDC, RECT r, COLORREF top, COLORREF bottom )
{
    // down triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.right, r.bottom, 
                      ( r.right - r.left ) / 2,
                      r.bottom - r.top - 15,
                      r.left, r.bottom, 
                      top, bottom );

    // upper triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.right, r.bottom - r.top - 30, 
                      ( r.right - r.left ) / 2, r.bottom - r.top - 15,
                      r.left, r.bottom - r.top - 30, 
                      top, bottom );

    // left triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.left, r.bottom, 
                      ( r.right - r.left ) / 2, r.bottom - r.top - 15,
                      r.left, r.bottom - r.top - 30, 
                      top, bottom );

   // right triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.right, r.bottom - r.top - 30,
                      ( r.right - r.left ) / 2, r.bottom - r.top - 15, 
                      r.right, r.bottom, 
                      top, bottom );
}

// draw orange panel on which map and 3 static controls will be drawn

void drawOrangePanel( HDC MemDC, RECT r, COLORREF top, COLORREF bottom )
{
    // down triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.right, r.bottom, 
                      r.left + ( r.right - r.left ) / 2,
                      r.top + ( r.bottom - r.top ) / 2,
                      r.left, r.bottom, 
                      top, bottom );

    // upper triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.right, r.top, 
                      r.left + ( r.right - r.left ) / 2, 
                      r.top + ( r.bottom - r.top ) / 2,
                      r.left, r.top, 
                      top, bottom );

    // left triangle

    GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                      r.left, r.bottom, 
                      r.left + ( r.right - r.left ) / 2, 
                      r.top + ( r.bottom - r.top ) / 2,
                      r.left, r.top, 
                      top, bottom );

   // right triangle

   GradientTriangle( MemDC, 
                     r.right, r.top,
                     r.left + ( r.right - r.left ) / 2, 
                     r.top + ( r.bottom - r.top ) / 2, 
                     r.right, r.bottom, 
                     top, bottom );
}

void onPaint( HWND hwnd, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam ) 
{
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;

    HDC hdc = BeginPaint( hwnd, &ps);

    RECT r; // rectangle for main window's client area

    GetClientRect( hwnd, &r);

    HDC MemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc); // back buffer

    // compatible bitmap for MemDC

    HBITMAP bmp = CreateCompatibleBitmap( hdc, r.right - r.left, r.bottom - r.top ),
            oldBmp = (HBITMAP)SelectObject( MemDC, bmp ); // needed for cleanup

    // draw background for middle part of the window

    drawBackground( MemDC, r );

    // draw header with grid lines

    RECT rect; // position it properly at the top

    rect.left = r.left;
    rect.top = r.top;
    rect.right = r.right;
    rect.bottom = 120;

    drawHeader( MemDC, rect, hbPozadina );

    // draw "status bar"

    drawFooter( MemDC, r, RGB( 0x48, 0xAC, 0xC6), RGB( 0x31, 0x83, 0x99 ) );

    /******* draw static control's background ****/

    //======== top left static control ======//

    //position it properly

    rect.left = ( 3 * ( r.right - r.left ) / 4 - 340 ) / 3;
    rect.top = 120 + ( r.bottom - r.top - 450 ) / 3;
    rect.right = 150 + ( 3 * ( r.right - r.left ) / 4 - 340 ) / 3;
    rect.bottom = 270 + ( r.bottom - r.top - 450 ) / 3;

    // draw gradient button

    FillButton( MemDC, rect, BlueFrame );

    //======================== draw orange panel =================//

    //position it properly

    rect.left = 3 * ( r.right - r.left ) / 4 - 40;
    rect.top = r.top + 140;
    rect.right = rect.left + ( r.right - r.left ) / 4;
    rect.bottom = rect.top + ( r.bottom - r.top - 190 );

    drawOrangePanel( MemDC, rect, RGB( 0xFF, 0xC8, 0xAA ), RGB( 0xFF, 0x96, 0x48 ) );

    /****** draw back buffer on the screen DC *******/

    BitBlt( hdc, 0, 0, r.right - r.left, r.bottom - r.top, MemDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY );

    /************** cleanup *******************/

    SelectObject( MemDC, oldBmp );

    DeleteObject(bmp); // compatible bitmap for MemDC

    DeleteDC(MemDC);

    EndPaint( hwnd, &ps);
}

// WinMain's procedure

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch(msg)
    {
    case WM_CREATE:
        {
             //******** brushes ***********//

             // load gray background brush for the top banner

             hbPozadina = CreateSolidBrush( RGB( 230, 230, 230 ) );

             // brush for orange panel that holds 3 static controls and a map

             hbr = CreateSolidBrush( RGB( 255, 163, 94 ) ); 

             // blue frame for blue static controls

             BlueFrame = CreateSolidBrush( RGB(79, 129, 189) ); 

             /*******************************************/
        }
        return (LRESULT)0;

    case WM_ERASEBKGND:
        return (LRESULT)1; // so we avoid flicker ( all painting is in WM_PAINT )

    case WM_PAINT:
        {
             // paint the picture
             onPaint( hwnd, wParam, lParam );
        }
        return (LRESULT)0;

    case WM_SIZE:
        InvalidateRect( hwnd, NULL, FALSE ); 
        return (LRESULT)0;

    case WM_CLOSE:

        // destroy brushes

        DeleteObject(hbPozadina);
        DeleteObject(hbr);
        DeleteObject(BlueFrame);

        DestroyWindow(hwnd);

        return (LRESULT)0;

    case WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        return (LRESULT)0;

    default:
        return DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
    }
    return 0;
}

// WinMain

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, 
               int nCmdShow)
{
    // store hInstance in global variable for later use

    hInst = hInstance;

    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    HWND hwnd;
    MSG Msg;

    /**** variables for GDI+ initialization ******/

    GdiplusStartupInput gdiplusStartupInput;
    ULONG_PTR           gdiplusToken;

    /********* Initialize GDI+. ********/

    GdiplusStartup(&gdiplusToken, &gdiplusStartupInput, NULL);

    /**** finished GDI+ initialisation *****/

    // initialize common controls

    INITCOMMONCONTROLSEX iccex;
    iccex.dwSize = sizeof(INITCOMMONCONTROLSEX);
    iccex.dwICC = ICC_STANDARD_CLASSES ;
    InitCommonControlsEx(&iccex);

    // register main window class

    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.style = 0;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wc.hInstance = hInst;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_ARROW );
    wc.hbrBackground = NULL;//(HBRUSH)GetStockObject( WHITE_BRUSH );
    wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
    wc.lpszClassName = L"Main_Window";
    wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);

    if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc))
    {
         MessageBox( NULL, L"Window Registration Failed!", L"Error!", 
                     MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK );

         return 0;
    }

    // create main window

    hwnd = CreateWindowEx( 0, // WS_EX_COMPOSITED "improved" drawing of the edges
                           L"Main_Window", 
                           L"??????????", 
                           WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                           ( GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMAXIMIZED) - 1020 ) / 2, 
                           ( GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMAXIMIZED) - 600 ) / 2, 
                           1020, 600, NULL, NULL, hInstance, 0 );

    if(hwnd == NULL)
    {
          MessageBox( NULL, L"Window creation failed!", L"Error!", 
                      MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK );

          return 0; 
    }

    ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow);
    UpdateWindow(hwnd);

    while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0)
    {
        TranslateMessage(&Msg);
        DispatchMessage(&Msg);
    }

    // shutdownd GDI+

    GdiplusShutdown(gdiplusToken);

    return Msg.wParam;
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)

我工作Windows XP,使用MS Visual Studio C++ 2008 Express Editionpure Win32 API.

注意:由于VS的Express版本没有资源编辑器,因此使用ResEdit从这里创建资源文件和资源头:http://www.resedit.net/.

问题:

为了避免闪烁,我使用了双缓冲,我从*Paul Watt的关于CodeProject的文章,Charles Petzold的Programming Windows 5th EditionForger的WIN32教程中学到了这些.

从理论上讲,一切都很好,我的代码编译没有任何错误.

我在这里粘贴了代码:http://pastebin.com/zSYT1i8L

我的英语不够准确地描述我面临的问题(我只能说主窗口的边缘和静态控件重绘"慢"而且它们闪烁)所以我创建了一个演示应用程序来演示它们:http:http: //www.filedropper.com/geotermistgrafika

我努力解决问题:

我已经处理WM_ERASEBKGND(返回(LRESULT)1),并且我已经排除样式CS_VREDRAWCS_HREDRAW从我的窗口类,因此闪烁不应该因为这个引起的.

我的窗口没有WS_CLIPCHILDREN样式,因为可以看到桌面图片的一部分是静态控件.

在我的WM_SIZE经纪人中,我有:

  1. 使用SetWindowPos(...)API 重新定位静态控件并通过添加SWP_NOCOPYBITS标志减少闪烁.

  2. 使整个窗口无效InvalidateRect( hWnd, NULL, FALSE ),所以这个API WM_ERASEBKGND在无效时不发送(第三个参数是FALSE),但即使我尝试TRUE的效果是相同的.

我已经为WM_PAINT处理程序实现了双缓冲,就像上面的书籍/文章/教程中的示例一样(通过在内存DC中执行所有操作并BitBlt(...)在屏幕DC上执行以避免闪烁).

我没有处理WM_SIZING,也没有WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGINGWM_MOVING消息.

我使用GDIView工具(http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/gdi_handles.html)来追踪GDI leaks.

每次我调整窗口大小/最大化时,GDIView在区域列中显示+4,这应该意味着我泄漏区域但我无法弄清楚这是如何可能的,因为我不使用与区域一起操作的API,并且双重检查一切.

在我看来,一切都应该没问题,也许这是无关紧要的,但我只是想提一下,也许这很重要.

如果我WS_EX_COMPOSITED在主窗口中添加样式,则性能不会提高.

我试图找到帮助我解决我的问题的在线示例,但所有教程都很简单,不包括这种类型的复杂图片.

重要的提示:

将我的WM_PAINT处理程序留空并使用API 获取的设备上下文调用onPaint函数后,闪烁消失了,但在调整大小期间,重新绘制窗口是"尖锐的"并且主窗口边缘的问题没有解决.WM_ERASEBKGNDGetDC(..)

尽管如此,这比原始代码要好得多.

题:

如何摆脱上面提供的演示应用程序中演示的问题?

我特此感谢任何投入时间和精力去帮助我的人.

最好的祝福.

arx*_*arx 3

我在 Windows 7 上编译并运行了代码。使用标准主题(使用 DWM ,调整大小时看起来不错。

我切换到 Windows Classic 主题(这会禁用 DWM),并且当窗口调整大小时,按钮边缘出现大量撕裂。我怀疑这就是您所看到的问题。

当绘画与屏幕的物理更新不同步时,就会发生撕裂。这会导致部分屏幕显示旧图像,部分屏幕显示新图像。对于水平移动的垂直线,效果尤其明显。

您还在使用Windows XP吗?

据我所知,在 XP 上防止撕裂的唯一方法是使用 DirectX 进行绘画并显式与 VSYNC 同步。尽管您也许可以使用现有的绘制代码并使用 DirectX 绘制最终的位图。或者可能有一些其他的同步机制。我不知道。

然而,由于问题在更高版本的 Windows 上自行修复,我不会做任何事情。