什么是运行时错误？

Question

什么是运行时错误？

use*_*932 -1 python compatibility pygame windows-vista cx-freeze

我用 Python 2.6 制作了一个游戏。我还使用 cx_Freeze 4.3 将它变成了可执行文件。当我在我的计算机上运行可执行文件时，它想出了这个：

Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime Library

Program: C:\Users\smm\Desktop\asteroid shower 1.4.5\asteroid.exe


This application has requested the Runtime to terminate it in an unusual way.
Please contact the application's support team for more information.

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我不明白这里发生了什么。我试图解决这个问题，但没有运气。然后我在谷歌上搜索了运行时错误，它说可能是兼容性问题。我在 windows vista 上用下载的 windows 7 python 2.6 版本编写了原始脚本。我这样做是因为 windows vista 没有互联网，所以我在 windows 7 笔记本电脑上下载了 python、pygame 和 cx_freeze .msi 文件。然后我将文件传输到桌面 windows vista。这是问题吗？或者可能是脚本？我不认为它是脚本，因为当它仍然是 python 脚本时我可以玩游戏。虽然它有点长......我使用python 2.6，pygame 2.6和cx_freeze 4.3运行Windows 7。谢谢你，如果你能帮助我:)。

    # By Sandy Goetjens
# Asteroid Shower V1.4.5

import pygame, random, sys, time
from pygame.locals import *

WINDOWWIDTH = 600
WINDOWHEIGHT = 600
RED = (255, 0, 0)
WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
TEXTCOLOR = WHITE
BACKGROUNDCOLOR = BLACK
FPS = 40
ASTEROIDCIRCLESPEED = 1
ASTEROIDMINSIZE = 10
ASTEROIDMAXSIZE = 40
ASTEROIDMINSPEED = 1
ASTEROIDMAXSPEED = 8
ADDNEWASTEROIDRATE = 10
PLAYERMOVERATE = 5
TOKENSIZE = 20
TOKENSPEED = 8
ADDNEWTOKENRATE = 6
BULLETSPEED = 3
BULLETFIRETIME = 1000
BULLETSIZE = 20
GHOSTSIZE = 20
GHOSTSPEED = 5
ADDNEWGHOSTRATE = 8
HEALTHSIZE = 20
HEALTHSPEED = 10
ADDNEWHEALTHRATE = 9
EYEBALLSIZE = 20
EYEBALLSPEED = 15
ADDNEWARROWRATE = 5
ARROWSIZE = 10
ARROWSPEED = 18
ADDNEWDUSTRATE = 8
DUSTSIZE = 12
DUSTSPEED = 16
ADDNEWEYEBALLRATE = 10
GHOSTSIZE = 20
GHOSTSPEED = 10
ADDNEWGHOSTRATE = 15
NEWASTEROIDSPEED = 30

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def waitForPlayerToPressKey():
    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()
            if event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == K_ESCAPE: # pressing escape quits
                    terminate()
                return

def playerHasHitHealth(playerRect, healths):
    for h in healths:
        if playerRect.colliderect(h['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def drawAsteroidRotation(ASTEROIDCIRCLESPEED, rotation, asteroids):
    for a in asteroids:
        left = leftCordinOfAsteroid
        pygame.draw.rect(windowSurface, WHITE, (left, ASTEROIDSIZE, ASTEROIDSIZE))
        pygame.display.update()

def asteroidAnimation(asteroids):
    for rotation in asteroids(ASTEROIDCIRCLESPEED):
        drawAsteroidRotation(ASTEROIDCIRCLESPEED, rotation, asteroids)

def bulletHasHitAsteroid(bulletRect, asteroids):
    for b in bullets:
        if bulletRect.colliderect(b['rect']):
            bombExplosion.play()
            return True
            bombExplosion.stop()
    return False

def playerHasHitToken(playerRect, tokens):
    for t in tokens:
        if playerRect.colliderect(t['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def playerHasHitBaddie(playerRect, asteroids):
    for a in asteroids:
        if playerRect.colliderect(a['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def playerHasHitGhost(playerRect, ghosts):
    for g in ghosts:
        if playerRect.colliderect(g['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def playerHasHitEyeball(playerRect, eyeballs):
    for e in eyeballs:
        if playerRect.colliderect(e['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def playerHasHitArrow(playerRect, arrows):
    for r in arrows:
        if playerRect.colliderect(r['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def playerHasHitDust(playerRect, dusts):
    for d in dusts:
        if playerRect.colliderect(d['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def asteroidHasHitBullet(baddieRect, bullets):
    for a in asteroids:
        if asteroidRect.collierect(a['rect']):
            return True
    return False

def drawText(text, font, surface, x, y):
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 48)
    textobj = font.render(text, 10, TEXTCOLOR)
    textrect = textobj.get_rect()
    textrect.topleft = (x, y)
    surface.blit(textobj, textrect)

def version(font, windowSurface, versionbackgroundImage):
    while True:
        windowSurface.blit(versionBackgroundImage, (0, 0))
        drawText('Buy the full game to play more', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 200, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) - 200)
        drawText('levels!! Plus bonus', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 200, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) - 150)
        drawText('updates and new game', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 200, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) - 100)
        drawText('releases!! Presented', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 200, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) - 50)
        drawText('by Desert Labotories', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 200, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) - 0)
        pygame.display.update()
        waitForPlayerToPressKey()
        return

def Credits(font, windowSurface, creditbackgroundImage):
    while True:
        windowSurface.blit(creditBackgroundImage, (0, 0))
        drawText('Created by Sandy Goetjens', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 150, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 50)
        drawText('Presented by Desert Labortories', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 150, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 100)
        pygame.display.update()
        waitForPlayerToPressKey()
        return

def waitForPlayerToEnterKeys():
    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()
            if event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == K_ESCAPE: # pressing escapes quits
                    terminate()
                if event.key == K_c:
                    Credits(font, windowSurface, creditBackgroundImage)
                if event.key == K_x:
                    version(font, windowSurface, versionBackgroundImage)
                return

def Level3(font, windowSurface, level):
    while True:
        drawText('Buy the full version to', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 150, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3))
        drawText('continue playing!', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 150, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 50)
        drawText('8 new and challenging levels!', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 150, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3 + 100))
        pygame.display.update()
        waitForPlayerToPressKey()
        return

def Level1(font, windowSurface, level, applauseSound):
    while True:
        applauseSound.play()
        drawText('LEVEL 1 completed!', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 100, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3))
        drawText('Press a key to continue.', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 100, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 50)
        drawText('By Sandy Goetjens.', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 100, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 150)
        drawText('RATE US ON FACEBOOK', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 100, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 200)
        drawText('Entering BLUE LANDS', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 100, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 3) + 250)
        pygame.display.update()
        applauseSound.stop()
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()
            if event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    terminate()
                if True:
                    level = 2
                    kilometres = 3000
                    return


# set up pygame, the window, and the mouse cursor
pygame.init()
global level, kilometres
mainClock = pygame.time.Clock()
windowSurface = pygame.display.set_mode((WINDOWWIDTH, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_icon(pygame.image.load('asteroid.icon'))
pygame.display.set_caption('Asteroid Shower Demo V1.4.5')
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)

# set up fonts
font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)

# set up sounds
gameOverSound = pygame.mixer.Sound('gameover.wav')
pygame.mixer.music.load('background.mid')
bombExplosion = pygame.mixer.Sound('explosion-01.wav')
warnSound = pygame.mixer.Sound('alarm02.wav')
applauseSound = pygame.mixer.Sound('applause2.wav')

# set up images
playerImage = pygame.image.load('player.png')
playerRect = playerImage.get_rect()
baddieImage = pygame.image.load('asteroid.png')
baddieRect = baddieImage.get_rect()
tokenImage = pygame.image.load('tokens.png')
bulletImage = pygame.image.load('bullet.png')
bulletRect = bulletImage.get_rect()
ghostImage = pygame.image.load('ghosts.png')
healthImage = pygame.image.load('health.png')
eyeballImage = pygame.image.load('eyeball.png')
arrowImage = pygame.image.load('arrow.png')
dustImage = pygame.image.load('dust.png')
versionBackgroundImage = pygame.image.load('background.png')
creditBackgroundImage = pygame.image.load('creditsbackground.png')

creditsPage = pygame.image.load('credits.png')
desertLabs = pygame.image.load('desert labs.png')

# show the "Start" screen
windowSurface.blit(creditsPage, (0, 0))
pygame.time.wait(1000)
drawText('Asteroid Shower ', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3), (WINDOWHEIGHT / 4 - 100))
drawText('Press a key to start.', font, windowSurface, (WINDOWWIDTH / 3) - 30, (WINDOWHEIGHT / 4 - 50))
pygame.display.update()
waitForPlayerToEnterKeys()

level = 0
bullet = 50
token = 0
topScore = 0
while True:
    # set up the start of the game
    tokens = []
    asteroids = []
    bullets = []
    eyeballs = []
    arrows = []
    dusts = []
    ghosts = []
    healths = []
    score = 0
    health = 100
    kilometres = 2500
    playerRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, WINDOWHEIGHT - 50)
    moveLeft = moveRight = moveUp = moveDown = False
    reverseCheat = slowCheat = False
    asteroidAddCounter = 0
    ghostAddCounter = 0
    tokenAddCounter = 0
    healthAddCounter = 0
    eyeballAddCounter = 0
    arrowAddCounter = 0
    dustAddCounter = 0
    pygame.mixer.music.play(-1, 0.0)

    while True: # the game loop runs while the game part is playing
        score += 1 # increase score
        kilometres -= 1 # decrease kilomteres

        if level == 0:
            if kilometres == 0:
                level = 2
                kilometres = 3000
                Level1(font, windowSurface, level, applauseSound)

        # Go to level 3 title
        if level == 2 and kilometres == 0:
            Level3(font, windowSurface, level)

        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()

            if event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == ord('z'):
                    reverseCheat = True
                if event.key == ord('x'):
                    slowCheat = True
                if event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == ord('a'):
                    moveRight = False
                    moveLeft = True
                if event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == ord('d'):
                    moveLeft = False
                    moveRight = True
                if event.key == K_UP or event.key == ord('w'):
                    moveDown = False
                    moveUp = True
                if event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == ord('s'):
                    moveUp = False
                    moveDown = True
                if event.key == K_z:
                    if token > 500:
                        token -= 500
                        if bullet < 200:
                            bullet += 50
                if event.key == K_x:
                    if token > 600:
                        token -= 600

            if event.type == KEYUP:
                if event.key == ord('z'):
                    reverseCheat = False
                    score = 0
                if event.key == ord('x'):
                    slowCheat = False
                    score = 0
                if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    terminate()

                if event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == ord('a'):
                    moveLeft = False
                if event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == ord('d'):
                    moveRight = False
                if event.key == K_UP or event.key == ord('w'):
                    moveUp = False
                if event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == ord('s'):
                    moveDown = False

            if event.type == MOUSEMOTION:
                # If the mouse moves, move the player where the cursor is.
                playerRect.move_ip(event.pos[0] - playerRect.centerx, event.pos[1] - playerRect.centery)

            if token > 0:
                if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONUP:
                    # If player clicks mouse bullets will fire
                    if bullet > 0:
                        bullet -= 1
                        newBullet = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-BULLETSIZE), 0 - BULLETSIZE, BULLETSIZE, BULLETSIZE),
                                     'speed': (BULLETSPEED),
                                     'surface':pygame.transform.scale(bulletImage, (BULLETSIZE, BULLETSIZE)),
                                     }

                        bullets.append(newBullet)

        # Add new tokens at the top of the screen, if needed
        if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
            tokenAddCounter += 1
        if tokenAddCounter == ADDNEWTOKENRATE:
            tokenAddCounter = 0
            newToken = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-TOKENSIZE), 0 - TOKENSIZE, TOKENSIZE, TOKENSIZE),
                        'speed': (TOKENSPEED),
                        'surface':pygame.transform.scale(tokenImage, (TOKENSIZE, TOKENSIZE)),
                        }

            tokens.append(newToken)

        if level == 0:
            # Add new baddies at the top of the screen, if needed.
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                asteroidAddCounter += 1
            if asteroidAddCounter == ADDNEWASTEROIDRATE:
                asteroidAddCounter = 0
                asteroidSize = random.randint(ASTEROIDMINSIZE, ASTEROIDMAXSIZE)
                newAsteroid = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-asteroidSize), 0 - asteroidSize, asteroidSize, asteroidSize),
                               'speed': random.randint(ASTEROIDMINSPEED, ASTEROIDMAXSPEED),
                               'surface':pygame.transform.scale(baddieImage, (asteroidSize, asteroidSize)),
                               }

                asteroids.append(newAsteroid)

        if level == 0:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                ghostAddCounter += 1
            if ghostAddCounter == ADDNEWGHOSTRATE:
                ghostAddCounter = 0
                newGhost = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-GHOSTSIZE), 0 - GHOSTSIZE, GHOSTSIZE, GHOSTSIZE),
                            'speed': (GHOSTSPEED),
                            'surface': pygame.transform.scale(ghostImage, (GHOSTSIZE, GHOSTSIZE)),
                            }

                ghosts.append(newGhost)

        if health < 50:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                healthAddCounter += 1
            if healthAddCounter == ADDNEWHEALTHRATE:
                healthAddCounter = 0
                newHealth = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-HEALTHSIZE), 0 - HEALTHSIZE, HEALTHSIZE, HEALTHSIZE),
                             'speed': (HEALTHSPEED),
                             'surface': pygame.transform.scale(healthImage, (HEALTHSIZE, HEALTHSIZE)),
                             }

                healths.append(newHealth)

        if level == 2:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                eyeballAddCounter += 1
            if eyeballAddCounter == ADDNEWEYEBALLRATE:
                eyeballAddCounter = 0
                newEyeball = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-EYEBALLSIZE), 0 - EYEBALLSIZE, EYEBALLSIZE, EYEBALLSIZE),
                              'speed': (EYEBALLSPEED),
                              'surface': pygame.transform.scale(eyeballImage, (EYEBALLSIZE, EYEBALLSIZE)),
                              }

                eyeballs.append(newEyeball)

        if level == 2:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                arrowAddCounter += 1
            if arrowAddCounter == ADDNEWARROWRATE:
                arrowAddCounter = 0
                newArrow = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-ARROWSIZE), 0 - ARROWSIZE, ARROWSIZE, ARROWSIZE),
                            'speed': (ARROWSPEED),
                            'surface': pygame.transform.scale(arrowImage, (ARROWSIZE, ARROWSIZE)),
                            }

                arrows.append(newArrow)

        if level == 2:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                dustAddCounter += 1
            if dustAddCounter == ADDNEWDUSTRATE:
                dustAddCounter = 0
                newDust = {'rect': pygame.Rect(random.randint(0, WINDOWWIDTH-DUSTSIZE), 0 - DUSTSIZE, DUSTSIZE, DUSTSIZE),
                           'speed': (DUSTSPEED),
                           'surface': pygame.transform.scale(dustImage, (DUSTSIZE, DUSTSIZE)),
                           }

                dusts.append(newDust)

        # Move the player around.
        if moveLeft and playerRect.left > 0:
            playerRect.move_ip(-1 * PLAYERMOVERATE, 0)
        if moveRight and playerRect.right < WINDOWWIDTH:
            playerRect.move_ip(PLAYERMOVERATE, 0)
        if moveUp and playerRect.top > 0:
            playerRect.move_ip(0, -1 * PLAYERMOVERATE)
        if moveDown and playerRect.bottom < WINDOWHEIGHT:
            playerRect.move_ip(0, PLAYERMOVERATE)

        # Move the mouse cursor to match the player.
        pygame.mouse.set_pos(playerRect.centerx, playerRect.centery)

        # Move the baddies down.
        for a in asteroids:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                a['rect'].move_ip(0, a['speed'])
            elif reverseCheat:
                a['rect'].move_ip(0, -5)
            elif slowCheat:
                a['rect'].move_ip(0, 1)

         # Delete baddies that have fallen past the bottom.
        for a in asteroids[:]:
            if a['rect'].top > WINDOWHEIGHT:
                asteroids.remove(a)

        for g in ghosts:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                g['rect'].move_ip(0, g['speed'])
            elif reverseCheat:
                g['rect'].move_ip(0, -5)
            elif slowCheat:
                g['rect'].move_ip(0, 1)

        # Delete each ghost that have fallen past the bottom
        for g in ghosts[:]:
            if g['rect'].top > WINDOWHEIGHT:
                ghosts.remove(g)

        # Move the tokens down
        for t in tokens:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                t['rect'].move_ip(0, t['speed'])
            elif reverseCheat:
                t['rect'].move_ip(0, -5)
            elif slowCheat:
                t['rect'].move_ip(0, 1)

        # Delete each token that have fallen past the bottom
        for t in tokens[:]:
            if t['rect'].top > WINDOWHEIGHT:
                tokens.remove(t)

        # Move bullets down
        for b in bullets:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat: 
                b['rect'].move_ip(0, b['speed'])
            elif reverseCheat:
                b['rect'].move_ip(0, -5)
            elif slowCheat:
                b['rect'].move_ip(0, 1)

        for b in bullets[:]:
            if b['rect'].top > WINDOWHEIGHT:
                bullets.remove(b)

        # Move health down
        for h in healths:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                h['rect'].move_ip(0, h['speed'])
            elif reverseCheat:
                h['rect'].move_ip(0, -5)
            elif slowCheat:
                h['rect'].move_ip(0, -1)

        for h in healths[:]:
            if h['rect'].top > WINDOWHEIGHT:
                healths.remove(h)

        # Move eyeballs down
        for e in eyeballs:
            if not reverseCheat and not slowCheat:
                e['rect'].move_ip(0, e['speed

Answer 1

tre*_*kby 6

运行时错误是一种在程序运行时故意引发的错误类型（因此得名）。比如在python中，只有在有人写的时候才会出现运行时错误

raise RuntimeError

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如果存在程序解释器未检测到但能够导致程序无法正常运行的错误类型，则这是一种停止程序的方法。需要运行时错误的一个示例是此函数（ termcolor cprint 函数的包装器，将数字作为其颜色参数）：

import termcolor

def coloredprint(text,color):
    if color == 1:
        termcolor.cprint(text,color='red')
    if color == 2:
        termcolor.cprint(text,color='green')

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在这种情况下，如果颜色参数不是 1 或 2，该函数将无法正常运行或通知用户任何类型的错误。解决此问题并使您的程序更易于使用的方法是运行时错误（或较大的库将创建自己的自定义异常，这并不重要）。基本上，因为 1 或 2 以外的参数实际上是您程序中的一个错误（python 不会为您捕获和引发），它会引发一个错误供用户诊断。这是该功能的新版本和更好的版本：

import termcolor

def coloredprint(text,color):
    if color == 1:
        termcolor.cprint(text,color='red')
    if color == 2:
        termcolor.cprint(text,color='green')
    else:
        print "colored print function: color argument", color, "is not a viable argument, specify 1 or 0"
        raise RuntimeError

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现在，如果用户犯了一个错误，程序会将此作为错误捕获，而不是无法运行或执行一些意外的事情，这会使得诊断变得困难（并且在某些情况下可能容易受到攻击）。这就是运行时错误有用的原因。

这应该是值错误。 (3认同)
您是否提到了“elif”而不是第二个“if”？ (2认同)

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