Mar*_*utz 1 c c++ linux shared-libraries relocation
使用Ulrich Drepper的relinfo.pl脚本,可以轻松计算DSO的重定位次数,但它不适用于.o文件.
假设我有一个大型共享库,我对它的重定位数量感到不满意.有没有办法找出它们来自哪里(符号,或至少.o),检查它们是否是易于修复的类型(例如:const char * str = "Hello World";'- > const char str[] = "Hello World";)？
Nom*_*mal 12
答案很长:让我们来看一个实际的例子,example.c:
#include <stdio.h>
static const char global1[] = "static const char []";
static const char *global2 = "static const char *";
static const char *const global3 = "static const char *const";
const char global4[] = "const char []";
const char *global5 = "const char *";
const char *const global6 = "const char *const";
char global7[] = "char []";
char *global8 = "char *";
char *const global9 = "char *const";
int main(void)
{
static const char local1[] = "static const char []";
static const char *local2 = "static const char *";
static const char *const local3 = "static const char *const";
const char local4[] = "const char []";
const char *local5 = "const char *";
const char *const local6 = "const char *const";
char local7[] = "char []";
char *local8 = "char *";
char *const local9 = "char *const";
printf("Global:\n");
printf("\t%s\n", global1);
printf("\t%s\n", global2);
printf("\t%s\n", global3);
printf("\t%s\n", global4);
printf("\t%s\n", global5);
printf("\t%s\n", global6);
printf("\t%s\n", global7);
printf("\t%s\n", global8);
printf("\t%s\n", global9);
printf("\n");
printf("Local:\n");
printf("\t%s\n", local1);
printf("\t%s\n", local2);
printf("\t%s\n", local3);
printf("\t%s\n", local4);
printf("\t%s\n", local5);
printf("\t%s\n", local6);
printf("\t%s\n", local7);
printf("\t%s\n", local8);
printf("\t%s\n", local9);
return 0;
}
您可以使用例如将其编译为目标文件
gcc -W -Wall -c example.c
以及使用的可执行文件
gcc -W -Wall example.c -o example
您可以使用objdump -tr example.o转储(非动态)目标文件的符号和重定位信息,或者objdump -TtRr example为可执行文件(和动态目标文件)转储相同的符号和重定位信息.运用
objdump -t example.o
在x86-64我得到了
example.o: file format elf64-x86-64
SYMBOL TABLE:
0000000000000000 l df *ABS* 0000000000000000 example.c
0000000000000000 l d .text 0000000000000000 .text
0000000000000000 l d .data 0000000000000000 .data
0000000000000000 l d .bss 0000000000000000 .bss
0000000000000000 l d .rodata 0000000000000000 .rodata
0000000000000000 l O .rodata 0000000000000015 global1
0000000000000000 l O .data 0000000000000008 global2
0000000000000048 l O .rodata 0000000000000008 global3
00000000000000c0 l O .rodata 0000000000000015 local1.2053
0000000000000020 l O .data 0000000000000008 local2.2054
00000000000000d8 l O .rodata 0000000000000008 local3.2055
0000000000000000 l d .note.GNU-stack 0000000000000000 .note.GNU-stack
0000000000000000 l d .eh_frame 0000000000000000 .eh_frame
0000000000000000 l d .comment 0000000000000000 .comment
0000000000000050 g O .rodata 000000000000000e global4
0000000000000008 g O .data 0000000000000008 global5
0000000000000080 g O .rodata 0000000000000008 global6
0000000000000010 g O .data 0000000000000008 global7
0000000000000018 g O .data 0000000000000008 global8
00000000000000a0 g O .rodata 0000000000000008 global9
0000000000000000 g F .text 000000000000027a main
0000000000000000 *UND* 0000000000000000 puts
0000000000000000 *UND* 0000000000000000 printf
0000000000000000 *UND* 0000000000000000 putchar
0000000000000000 *UND* 0000000000000000 __stack_chk_fail
输出man 1 objdump在-t标题下描述.请注意,第二个"列"实际上是固定宽度:七个字符宽,描述对象的类型.第三列是段名,*UND*用于未定义,.text代码,.rodata只读(不可变)数据,.data初始化可变数据和.bss未初始化可变数据,等等.
我们可以从上面的符号表中看到local4,local5,local6,local7,local8,和local9变量实际上并没有在符号表中获得条目的.这是因为他们是当地的main().他们指的字符串的内容存储在.data或.rodata(或在飞行构造),根据不同的编译器看到的最好的东西.
我们接下来看看重定位记录.运用
objdump -r example.o
我明白了
example.o: file format elf64-x86-64
RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:
OFFSET TYPE VALUE
0000000000000037 R_X86_64_32S .rodata+0x000000000000005e
0000000000000040 R_X86_64_32S .rodata+0x000000000000006b
0000000000000059 R_X86_64_32S .rodata+0x0000000000000088
0000000000000062 R_X86_64_32S .rodata+0x000000000000008f
0000000000000067 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000a8
000000000000006c R_X86_64_PC32 puts-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000071 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000076 R_X86_64_32 .rodata
0000000000000083 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
000000000000008a R_X86_64_PC32 .data-0x0000000000000004
000000000000008f R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
000000000000009f R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000000a6 R_X86_64_PC32 .rodata+0x0000000000000044
00000000000000ab R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000000bb R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000000c0 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000000c5 R_X86_64_32 global4
00000000000000d2 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000000d9 R_X86_64_PC32 global5-0x0000000000000004
00000000000000de R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000000ee R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000000f5 R_X86_64_PC32 global6-0x0000000000000004
00000000000000fa R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
000000000000010a R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
000000000000010f R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000114 R_X86_64_32 global7
0000000000000121 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000128 R_X86_64_PC32 global8-0x0000000000000004
000000000000012d R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
000000000000013d R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000144 R_X86_64_PC32 global9-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000149 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000159 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000163 R_X86_64_PC32 putchar-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000168 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b5
000000000000016d R_X86_64_PC32 puts-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000172 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000177 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000c0
0000000000000184 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
000000000000018b R_X86_64_PC32 .data+0x000000000000001c
0000000000000190 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000001a0 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000001a7 R_X86_64_PC32 .rodata+0x00000000000000d4
00000000000001ac R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000001bc R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000001c1 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000001d6 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000001db R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
00000000000001ef R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
00000000000001f4 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000209 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
000000000000020e R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000223 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000228 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
000000000000023d R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000242 R_X86_64_32 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0
0000000000000257 R_X86_64_PC32 printf-0x0000000000000004
0000000000000271 R_X86_64_PC32 __stack_chk_fail-0x0000000000000004
RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.data]:
OFFSET TYPE VALUE
0000000000000000 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x0000000000000015
0000000000000008 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x000000000000005e
0000000000000018 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x0000000000000088
0000000000000020 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x0000000000000015
RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.rodata]:
OFFSET TYPE VALUE
0000000000000048 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x0000000000000029
0000000000000080 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x000000000000006b
00000000000000a0 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x000000000000008f
00000000000000d8 R_X86_64_64 .rodata+0x0000000000000029
RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.eh_frame]:
OFFSET TYPE VALUE
0000000000000020 R_X86_64_PC32 .text
重定位记录按其重定位所在的部分进行分组.由于字符串内容位于.data或.rodata部分中,因此我们可以限制自己查看VALUE以.data或开头的重定位.rodata.(可变字符串,如char global7[] = "char []";,存储在.data,以及不可变的字符串和字符串文字.rodata.)
如果我们编译启用了调试符号的代码,它会更容易确定哪些变量被用来指的是字符串,但我可能只是看在每个搬迁值(目标)的实际内容,看其引用到不可变的字符串需要修复.
命令组合
objdump -r example.o | awk '($3 ~ /^\..*\+/) { t = $3; sub(/\+/, " ", t); n[t]++ } END { for (r in n) printf "%d %s\n", n[r], r }' | sort -g
将输出每个目标的重定位数,然后是目标部分,然后是该部分中的目标偏移量,并使用最后在重定位中出现最多的目标进行排序.也就是说,上面输出的最后一行是你需要专注的.对我来说,我明白了
1 .rodata
1 .rodata 0x0000000000000044
1 .rodata 0x00000000000000a8
1 .rodata 0x00000000000000b5
1 .rodata 0x00000000000000c0
1 .rodata 0x00000000000000d4
2 .rodata 0x0000000000000015
2 .rodata 0x0000000000000029
2 .rodata 0x000000000000005e
2 .rodata 0x000000000000006b
2 .rodata 0x0000000000000088
2 .rodata 0x000000000000008f
18 .rodata 0x00000000000000b0
如果我添加optimization(gcc -W -Wall -O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -c example.c),结果是
1 .rodata 0x0000000000000020
1 .rodata 0x0000000000000040
1 .rodata.str1.1
1 .rodata.str1.1 0x0000000000000058
2 .rodata.str1.1 0x000000000000000d
2 .rodata.str1.1 0x0000000000000021
2 .rodata.str1.1 0x000000000000005f
2 .rodata.str1.1 0x000000000000006c
3 .rodata.str1.1 0x000000000000003a
3 .rodata.str1.1 0x000000000000004c
18 .rodata.str1.1 0x0000000000000008
这表明编译器选项确实有很大影响,但是有一个目标无论如何都使用了18次:section .rodataoffset 0xb0(如果在编译时启用了优化,则.rodata.str1.1偏移0x8).
那是"\ t%s \n"字符串文字.
将原始程序修改为
char *local8 = "char *";
char *const local9 = "char *const";
const char *const fmt = "\t%s\n";
printf("Global:\n");
printf(fmt, global1);
printf(fmt, global2);
依此类推,用不可变的字符串指针替换格式字符串,fmt完全消除了这18个重定位.(const char fmt[] = "\t%s\n";当然,您也可以使用等效的.)
上述分析表明,至少对于GCC-4.6.3,大多数可避免的重定位是由(重复使用)字符串文字引起的.用const chars(const char fmt[] = "\t%s\n";)数组或const charrs()的const指针替换它们const char *const fmt = "\t%s\n";- 将内容放入.rodatasection,read-only和指针/数组引用本身的两种情况也是不可变的 - 似乎是有效和安全的我的策略.
此外,将字符串文字转换为不可变字符串指针或字符串数组完全是源级别的任务.也就是说,如果使用上述方法转换所有字符串文字,则每个字符串文字至少可以消除一次重定位.
事实上,我没有看到对象级分析如何对您有所帮助.当然,它会告诉您修改是否会减少所需的重新安置次数.
上面的awk节可以扩展为一个函数,它输出具有正偏移量的动态引用的字符串常量:
#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -ne 1 ] || [ "$1" = "-h" ] || [ "$1" = "--help" ]; then
exec >&2
echo ""
echo "Usage: %s [ -h | --help ]"
echo " %s object.o"
echo ""
exit 1
fi
export LANG=C LC_ALL=C
objdump -wr "$1" | awk '
BEGIN {
RS = "[\t\v\f ]*[\r\n][\t\n\v\f\r ]*"
FS = "[\t\v\f ]+"
}
$1 ~ /^[0-9A-Fa-f]+/ {
n[$3]++
}
END {
for (s in n)
printf "%d %s\n", n[s], s
}
' | sort -g | gawk -v filename="$1" '
BEGIN {
RS = "[\t\v\f ]*[\r\n][\t\n\v\f\r ]*"
FS = "[\t\v\f ]+"
cmd = "objdump --file-offsets -ws " filename
while ((cmd | getline) > 0)
if ($3 == "section") {
s = $4
sub(/:$/, "", s)
o = $NF
sub(/\)$/, "", o)
start[s] = strtonum(o)
}
close(cmd)
}
{
if ($2 ~ /\..*\+/) {
s = $2
o = $2
sub(/\+.*$/, "", s)
sub(/^[^\+]*\+/, "", o)
o = strtonum(o) + start[s]
cmd = "dd if=\"" filename "\" of=/dev/stdout bs=1 skip=" o " count=256"
OLDRS = RS
RS = "\0"
cmd | getline hex
close(cmd)
RS = OLDRS
gsub(/\\/, "\\\\", hex)
gsub(/\t/, "\\t", hex)
gsub(/\n/, "\\n", hex)
gsub(/\r/, "\\r", hex)
gsub(/\"/, "\\\"", hex)
if (hex ~ /[\x00-\x1F\x7F-\x9F\xFE\xFF]/ || length(hex) < 1)
printf "%s\n", $0
else
printf "%s = \"%s\"\n", $0, hex
} else
print $0
}
'
这有点粗糙,只是拍了一下,所以我不知道它有多便携.在我的机器上,它确实找到了我试过的几个测试用例的字符串文字; 你应该重写它以符合你自己的需要.甚至可以使用支持ELF的实际编程语言直接检查目标文件.
对于上面显示的示例程序(在修改之前我建议减少重定位数),在没有优化的情况下编译,上面的脚本产生输出
1 .data+0x000000000000001c = ""
1 .data-0x0000000000000004
1 .rodata
1 .rodata+0x0000000000000044 = ""
1 .rodata+0x00000000000000a8 = "Global:"
1 .rodata+0x00000000000000b5 = "Local:"
1 .rodata+0x00000000000000c0 = "static const char []"
1 .rodata+0x00000000000000d4 = ""
1 .text
1 __stack_chk_fail-0x0000000000000004
1 format
1 global4
1 global5-0x0000000000000004
1 global6-0x0000000000000004
1 global7
1 global8-0x0000000000000004
1 global9-0x0000000000000004
1 putchar-0x0000000000000004
2 .rodata+0x0000000000000015 = "static const char *"
2 .rodata+0x0000000000000029 = "static const char *const"
2 .rodata+0x000000000000005e = "const char *"
2 .rodata+0x000000000000006b = "const char *const"
2 .rodata+0x0000000000000088 = "char *"
2 .rodata+0x000000000000008f = "char *const"
2 puts-0x0000000000000004
18 .rodata+0x00000000000000b0 = "\t%s\n"
18 printf-0x0000000000000004
最后,您可能会注意到使用函数指针printf()而不是printf()直接调用将减少示例代码中的另外18次重定位,但我认为这是一个错误.
对于代码,您需要重定位,因为间接函数调用(通过函数指针调用)比直接调用慢得多.简单地说,这些重定位使函数和子程序调用更快,所以你绝对想要保留它们.
为长期答案道歉; 希望您觉得这个有帮助.有问题吗？