在Swing GUI中提供空白区域

Question

没有空白区域的GUI显得"拥挤".如何在不借助明确设置组件的位置或大小的情况下提供空白区域？

Answer 1

使用LayoutManagers各种组件可以提供各种组件之间的间隔.

1.)BorderLayout:

• 重载的构造函数: BorderLayout(int horizo​​ntalGap,int verticalGap)

• Getter和setter方法

  对于水平间距: BorderLayout.getHgap()和BorderLayout.setHgap(int hgap)

  对于垂直间距: BorderLayout.getVgap()和BorderLayout.setVgap()

2.)FlowLayout:

• 重载的构造函数: FlowLayout(int align,int hgap,int vgap)

• Getter和setter方法

  对于水平间距: FlowLayout.getHgap()和FlowLayout.setHgap(int hgap)

  对于垂直间距: FlowLayout.getVgap()和FlowLayout.setVgap()

3.)GridLayout:

• 重载的构造函数: GridLayout(int rows,int columns,int hgap,int vgap)

• Getter和setter方法

  对于水平间距: GridLayout.getHgap()和GridLayout.setHgap(int hgap)

  对于垂直间距: GridLayout.getVgap()和GridLayout.setVgap()

4.)GridBagLayout:

GridBagConstraints.insets

5.)CardLayout(示例):

CardLayout(int hGap,int vGap)

显示所有构造函数的示例:

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class LayoutExample {

    private final int hGap = 5;
    private final int vGap = 5;

    private String[] borderConstraints = {
        BorderLayout.PAGE_START,
        BorderLayout.LINE_START,
        BorderLayout.CENTER,
        BorderLayout.LINE_END,
        BorderLayout.PAGE_END
    };

    private JButton[] buttons;

    private GridBagConstraints gbc;

    private JPanel borderPanel;
    private JPanel flowPanel;
    private JPanel gridPanel;
    private JPanel gridBagPanel;
    private JPanel cardPanel;

    public LayoutExample() {
        buttons = new JButton[16];
        gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.FIRST_LINE_START;   
        gbc.insets = new Insets(hGap, vGap, hGap, vGap);        
    }

    private void displayGUI() {
        JFrame frame = new JFrame("Layout Example");
        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);

        JPanel contentPane = new JPanel(
                        new GridLayout(0, 1, hGap, vGap));
        contentPane.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(hGap, vGap, hGap, vGap));
        borderPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(hGap, vGap));
        borderPanel.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("BorderLayout"));
        borderPanel.setOpaque(true);
        borderPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            buttons[i] = new JButton(borderConstraints[i]);
            borderPanel.add(buttons[i], borderConstraints[i]);
        }
        contentPane.add(borderPanel);

        flowPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(
                    FlowLayout.CENTER, hGap, vGap));
        flowPanel.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("FlowLayout"));
        flowPanel.setOpaque(true);
        flowPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        for (int i = 5; i < 8; i++) {
            buttons[i] = new JButton(Integer.toString(i));
            flowPanel.add(buttons[i]);
        }
        contentPane.add(flowPanel);

        gridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(2, 2, hGap, vGap));
        gridPanel.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("GridLayout"));
        gridPanel.setOpaque(true);
        gridPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        for (int i = 8; i < 12; i++) {
            buttons[i] = new JButton(Integer.toString(i));
            gridPanel.add(buttons[i]);
        }
        contentPane.add(gridPanel);

        gridBagPanel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
        gridBagPanel.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("GridBagLayout"));
        gridBagPanel.setOpaque(true);
        gridBagPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        buttons[12] = new JButton(Integer.toString(12));
        addComp(gridBagPanel, buttons[12], 0, 0, 1, 1
                            , GridBagConstraints.BOTH, 0.33, 0.5);
        buttons[13] = new JButton(Integer.toString(13));
        addComp(gridBagPanel, buttons[13], 1, 0, 1, 1
                            , GridBagConstraints.BOTH, 0.33, 0.5);
        buttons[14] = new JButton(Integer.toString(14));
        addComp(gridBagPanel, buttons[14], 0, 1, 2, 1
                            , GridBagConstraints.BOTH, 0.66, 0.5);
        buttons[15] = new JButton(Integer.toString(15));
        addComp(gridBagPanel, buttons[15], 2, 0, 1, 2
                            , GridBagConstraints.BOTH, 0.33, 1.0);
        contentPane.add(gridBagPanel);

        cardPanel = new JPanel(new CardLayout(hGap, vGap));
        cardPanel.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("CardLayout"));
        cardPanel.setOpaque(true);
        cardPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        cardPanel.add(getPanel(Color.BLUE));
        cardPanel.add(getPanel(Color.GREEN));
        contentPane.add(cardPanel);

        frame.setContentPane(contentPane);
        frame.pack();
        frame.setLocationByPlatform(true);
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }

    private JPanel getPanel(Color bColor) {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(
                    FlowLayout.CENTER, hGap, vGap));
        panel.setOpaque(true);
        panel.setBackground(bColor.darker().darker());
        JButton swapperButton = new JButton("Next");
        swapperButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
            @Override
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
                CardLayout cardLayout = (CardLayout) cardPanel.getLayout();
                cardLayout.next(cardPanel);
            }
        });

        panel.add(swapperButton);

        return panel;
    }

    private void addComp(JPanel panel, JComponent comp
                                , int x, int y, int gWidth
                                    , int gHeight, int fill
                                        , double weightx, double weighty) {
        gbc.gridx = x;
        gbc.gridy = y;
        gbc.gridwidth = gWidth;
        gbc.gridheight = gHeight;
        gbc.fill = fill;
        gbc.weightx = weightx;
        gbc.weighty = weighty;      

        panel.add(comp, gbc);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Runnable runnable = new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                new LayoutExample().displayGUI();
            }
        };
        EventQueue.invokeLater(runnable);
    }
}

输出:

Answer 2

Swing GUI中有许多方法可以提供组件之间的分离,以及组件周围的空白区域:

• JToolBar有方法addSeparator()和addSeparator(Dimension).
• JMenu使用更适合菜单的间距组件,可通过addSeparator().

但更一般地说,请看:

• 可以在布局构造函数中定义间距.
• 边框.

下面是使用布局分隔符hGap和vGap值和边框(特别是a EmptyBorder)来提供"白色"(实际显示为红色以使其非常明显)空间的示例.调整微调器以查看结果.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.event.*;

public class WhiteSpace {

    private JPanel gui = null;
    private BorderLayout mainLayout = 
        new BorderLayout(0, 0);
    private final FlowLayout buttonLayout = 
            new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER, 0, 0);
    private final JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel(buttonLayout);
    private final SpinnerNumberModel hModel = 
            new SpinnerNumberModel(0, 0, 15, 1);
    private final SpinnerNumberModel vModel = 
            new SpinnerNumberModel(0, 0, 15, 1);
    private final SpinnerNumberModel hBorderModel = 
            new SpinnerNumberModel(0, 0, 15, 1);
    private final SpinnerNumberModel vBorderModel = 
            new SpinnerNumberModel(0, 0, 15, 1);
    private ChangeListener changeListener;

    public Container getGui() {
        if (gui == null) {
            gui = new JPanel(mainLayout);
            gui.setBackground(Color.RED);

            JTree tree = new JTree();
            tree.setVisibleRowCount(10);
            for (int ii = tree.getRowCount(); ii > -1; ii--) {
                tree.expandRow(ii);
            }
            gui.add(new JScrollPane(
                    tree,
                    JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS,
                    JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER),
                    BorderLayout.LINE_START);
            gui.add(new JScrollPane(new JTextArea(10, 30)));

            gui.add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.PAGE_START);

            changeListener = (ChangeEvent e) -> {
                int hGap = hModel.getNumber().intValue();
                int vGap = vModel.getNumber().intValue();
                int hBorder = hBorderModel.getNumber().intValue();
                int vBorder = vBorderModel.getNumber().intValue();
                adjustWhiteSpace(hGap, vGap, hBorder, vBorder);
            };

            addModel("H Gap", hModel);
            addModel("V Gap", vModel);
            addModel("H Border", hBorderModel);
            addModel("V Border", vBorderModel);
        }

        return gui;
    }

    private void addModel(String label, SpinnerNumberModel model) {
        buttonPanel.add(new JLabel(label));
        final JSpinner spinner = new JSpinner(model);
        spinner.addChangeListener(changeListener);
        buttonPanel.add(spinner);
    }

    private void adjustWhiteSpace(
            int hGap, int vGap, int hBorder, int vBorder) {
        mainLayout.setHgap(hGap);
        mainLayout.setVgap(vGap);
        buttonLayout.setHgap(hGap);
        gui.setBorder(new EmptyBorder
                (vBorder, hBorder, vBorder, hBorder));
        Container c = gui.getTopLevelAncestor();
        if (c instanceof Window) {
            Window w = (Window) c;
            w.pack();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Runnable r = () -> {
            WhiteSpace ws = new WhiteSpace();
            Container gui1 = ws.getGui();
            JFrame f = new JFrame("White (OK Red) Space");
            f.add(gui1);
            f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
            f.setLocationByPlatform(true);
            f.setResizable(false);
            f.pack();
            f.setVisible(true);
        };
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(r);
    }
}

Answer 3

When you use BoxLayout, Box.createVerticalGlue() method can help you to make some white space.

Another method is BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(int top, int left, int bottom, int right). It can help you to make some white space around component.

Thanks for Andrew Thompson's remind.I've revised BoxLayout in recent days and I find that Box.createVerticalGlue() can add some white space depend on the panel's size and you can not set the explicit pixel value of the length of white space.But Box.createVerticalStrut() can do that. Here is a MCTaRE and show the effect of those two methods.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;

public class WhiteSpace extends JFrame{
    static WhiteSpace whiteSpace;
    DemoPanel demoPanel;
    boolean withGlue;
    JSpinner spinner;

    public WhiteSpace(){
        initialWindow();
        demoPanel = new DemoPanel();
        ActionPanel actionPanel = new ActionPanel();

        setLayout(new BorderLayout());

        getContentPane().add(actionPanel,BorderLayout.NORTH);
        getContentPane().add(demoPanel,BorderLayout.CENTER);
            setVisible(true);
    }

    public void initialWindow(){
        setSize(220, 300);
        setTitle("White Space");
        setResizable(false);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        //Show the window in the middle of the screen
    }

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                whiteSpace = new WhiteSpace();
            }
        };
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(runnable);
    }

    class DemoPanel extends JPanel{
        //Show the vertical white space between label1 and label2
        JLabel label1;
        JLabel label2;
        public void initialDemoPanel(){
            setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder(getBorder(), "DemoPanel", TitledBorder.LEADING, TitledBorder.TOP, new Font("Default",Font.PLAIN,10), Color.gray));
            setLayout(new BoxLayout(this, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));

            label1 = new JLabel("This is first line");
            label2 = new JLabel("This is second line");
        }

        public DemoPanel(){
            initialDemoPanel();
            add(label1);
            if(withGlue){
                add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
            }
            add(label2);
        }

        public DemoPanel(int strutValue){
            initialDemoPanel();
            add(label1);
            add(Box.createVerticalStrut(strutValue));
            add(label2);
        }
    }

    class ActionPanel extends JPanel{
        public ActionPanel(){
            setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder(getBorder(), "ActionPanel", TitledBorder.LEADING, TitledBorder.TOP, new Font("Default",Font.PLAIN,10), Color.gray));

            setLayout(new BoxLayout(this,BoxLayout.X_AXIS));
            JRadioButton glueButton = new JRadioButton("With Glue");
            glueButton.addActionListener(new glueButtonListener());
            add(glueButton);

            add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(10));
            //To create horizontal white space
            JLabel strutLabel = new JLabel("Strut Value");
            add(strutLabel);
            spinner = new JSpinner(new SpinnerNumberModel(0,0,50,1));
            spinner.addChangeListener(new spinnerListener());
            add(spinner);
            //public SpinnerNumberModel(Number value,Comparable minimum,Comparable maximum,Number stepSize)
        }
    }

    class glueButtonListener implements ActionListener{
        @Override
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
            spinner.setValue(new Integer(0));
            withGlue = (withGlue == true ? false:true);
            whiteSpace.getContentPane().remove(demoPanel);
            demoPanel = new DemoPanel();
            whiteSpace.getContentPane().add(demoPanel,BorderLayout.CENTER);
            whiteSpace.getContentPane().validate();
        }
    }

    class spinnerListener implements ChangeListener{

        @Override
        public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) {
            int strutValue = (Integer) spinner.getValue();
            whiteSpace.getContentPane().remove(demoPanel);
            demoPanel = new DemoPanel(strutValue);
            whiteSpace.getContentPane().add(demoPanel,BorderLayout.CENTER);
            whiteSpace.getContentPane().validate();
        }
    }
}

Box.createHorizontalGlue() and Box.createHorizontalStrut(int height) can be used too. Besides, Box.createRigidArea(Dimension d) has the ability too create white space too.

Answer 4

MigLayout有多种创造空间的方式.(在此布局中,空间称为间隙.)可以使用布局约束在最高级别创建间隙,可以在行和列之间创建间隙,也可以在具有组件约束的各个组件之间设置间隙.在名为insets的容器的边界周围也存在特定的间隙,这些容器具有自己的特定关键字.

以下示例创建所有这些类型的差距:

package com.zetcode;

import java.awt.EventQueue;
import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JTextField;
import net.miginfocom.swing.MigLayout;


public class MigLayoutGaps2 extends JFrame {

    public MigLayoutGaps2() {

        initUI();

        setTitle("Gaps");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
    }

    private void initUI() {

        JPanel base = new JPanel(new MigLayout("flowy, ins 30, gap 15"));
        setContentPane(base);

        JPanel pnl1 = new JPanel();
        pnl1.setBorder(
                BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Grid gaps")
        );

        pnl1.setLayout(new MigLayout("gap 5 5, ins 10, wrap 3"));

        pnl1.add(new JButton("1"));
        pnl1.add(new JButton("2"));
        pnl1.add(new JButton("3"));
        pnl1.add(new JButton("4"));
        pnl1.add(new JButton("5"));
        pnl1.add(new JButton("6"));

        JPanel pnl2 = new JPanel();
        pnl2.setBorder(
                BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Column gaps")
        );

        pnl2.setLayout(new MigLayout("wrap 3", "[]10[]"));

        JLabel lbl1 = new JLabel();
        lbl1.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder()
        );

        JLabel lbl2 = new JLabel();
        lbl2.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder()
        );

        JLabel lbl3 = new JLabel();
        lbl3.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder()
        );        

        pnl2.add(lbl1, "w 40, h 110");
        pnl2.add(lbl2, "w 40, h 110");
        pnl2.add(lbl3, "w 40, h 110");

        JPanel pnl3 = new JPanel();
        pnl3.setBorder(
                BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Row gaps")
        );

        pnl3.setLayout(new MigLayout("wrap", "", "[]15[]"));

        JLabel lbl4 = new JLabel();
        lbl4.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder()
        );

        JLabel lbl5 = new JLabel();
        lbl5.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder()
        );

        JLabel lbl6 = new JLabel();
        lbl6.setBorder(
            BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder()
        );        

        pnl3.add(lbl4, "w 150, h 20");
        pnl3.add(lbl5, "w 150, h 20");
        pnl3.add(lbl6, "w 150, h 20");        

        JPanel pnl4 = new JPanel();
        pnl4.setBorder(
                BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Component gaps")
        );

        pnl4.setLayout(new MigLayout());

        pnl4.add(new JLabel("Name:"), "gapright 5");
        pnl4.add(new JTextField(10), "gapbottom 20, gaptop 20");

        base.add(pnl1);
        base.add(pnl2);
        base.add(pnl3);
        base.add(pnl4);

        pack();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                MigLayoutGaps2 ex = new MigLayoutGaps2();
                ex.setVisible(true);
            }
        });
    }
}

我们在布局中有四个面板.每个小组都有一名MigLayout经理.

JPanel base = new JPanel(new MigLayout("flowy, ins 30, gap 15"));

此行创建容器插图和面板之间的垂直间隙.

pnl1.setLayout(new MigLayout("gap 5 5, ins 10, wrap 3"));

在这里,我们为整个网格结构应用间隙,并设置容器间隙.

pnl2.setLayout(new MigLayout("wrap 3", "[]10[]"));

此行会在列之间创建间隙.

pnl3.setLayout(new MigLayout("wrap", "", "[]15[]"));

使用此代码定义行间隙.

pnl4.add(new JLabel("Name:"), "gapright 5");
pnl4.add(new JTextField(10), "gapbottom 20, gaptop 20");

最后,可以在各个组件之间创建间隙.

Answer 5

JGoodies FormLayout.

作者Karsten Lentzsch收集了有关UI设计的演示文稿.特别是这篇PDF说明了对美学空白的需求.在注意杂乱的同时增加有意义的空间将小麦与谷壳分开.