C#如何创建类的特殊实例?

Edw*_*vey 6 c# class instance named

对于某些类,理想情况下,我想创建特殊的命名实例,类似于"null".据我所知,这是不可能的,所以相反,我使用静态构造函数创建类的静态实例,类似于:

public class Person
{
    public static Person Waldo;  // a special well-known instance of Person
    public string name;
    static Person()  // static constructor
    {
        Waldo = new Person("Waldo");
    }
    public Person(string name)
    {
        this.name = name;
    }
}
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正如您所看到的,Person.Waldo是Person类的一个特殊实例,我创建它是因为在我的程序中,有很多其他类可能想要引用这个特殊的着名实例.

实现这种方式的缺点是我不知道如何使Person.Waldo的所有属性都是不可变的,而"普通"Person实例的所有属性都应该是可变的.每当我不小心有一个Person对象指向Waldo时,我不小心不检查它是否指的是Waldo,那么我不小心破坏了Waldo的属性.

是否有更好的方法,甚至是一些其他替代方法来定义类的特殊知名实例?

我现在知道的唯一解决方案是实现get和set访问器,并检查每个集合上的"if(this == Waldo)throw new ...".虽然这有效,但我认为C#可以比我实现它做得更好.如果只有我能找到一些C#方式来使得Waldo的所有属性只读(除了在静态构造函数中).

And*_*sky 5

在继承Person的Person内部创建一个私有类ImmutablePerson : Person

锁定所有属性设置器:例如,使用NotImplementedException覆盖它们。

您的静态Person初始化变为: public static readonly Person Waldo = new ImmutablePerson("Waldo");

并且静态构造函数也可能被删除。


Edw*_*vey 0

感谢您的所有建议 - 这是解决方案。我需要将字符串设为虚拟,重写公共派生类中的访问器,并使用 bool 标志来允许修改。

需要注意的是,“name”是一个引用类型,尽管我已经阻止更改“name”所指的内容,但如果它不是字符串,例如包含自修改方法的类,它尽管已经阻止了对对象引用的修改,但仍然可以修改对象的内容。

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Person myPerson = new Person("Wenda");
        System.Console.WriteLine("myPerson is " + myPerson.name);       // Prints "myPerson is Wenda"

        if (myPerson == Person.Waldo)
            System.Console.WriteLine("Found Waldo (first attempt)");    // doesn't happen
        else
            System.Console.WriteLine("Still trying to find Waldo...");  // Prints "Still trying to find Waldo..."

        myPerson.name = "Bozo";
        System.Console.WriteLine("myPerson is now " + myPerson.name);   // Prints "myPerson is now Bozo"

        myPerson = Person.Waldo;

        if (myPerson == Person.Waldo)
            System.Console.WriteLine("Found Waldo (second attempt)");   // Prints "Found Waldo (second attempt)"

        System.Console.WriteLine("myPerson is " + myPerson.name);       // Prints "myPerson is Waldo"
        System.Console.WriteLine("Now changing to The Joker...");       // Prints "Now changing to The Joker"
        try
        {
            myPerson.name = "The Joker";                                // throws ImmutablePersonModificationAttemptException
        }
        catch (ImmutablePersonModificationAttemptException)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine("Failed to change");               // Prints "Failed to change"
        }
        System.Console.WriteLine("myPerson is now " + myPerson.name);   // Prints "myPerson is now Waldo"

        Thread.Sleep(int.MaxValue); // keep the console alive long enough for me to see the result.
    }
}
public class Person
{
    public static readonly ImmutablePerson Waldo = new ImmutablePerson("Waldo");
    public virtual string name { get; set; }
    public Person() // empty base constructor required by ImmutablePerson(string) constructor
    { }
    public Person(string name)
    {
        this.name = name;
    }
}
public class ImmutablePersonModificationAttemptException : Exception
{ }
public class ImmutablePerson : Person
{
    private bool allowMutation;
    protected string _name;
    public override string name
    {
        get
        {
            return _name;
        }
        set
        {
            if (allowMutation)
                _name = value;
            else
                throw new ImmutablePersonModificationAttemptException();
        }
    }
    public ImmutablePerson(string name)
        : base()
    {
        allowMutation = true;
        this.name = name;
        allowMutation = false;
    }
}
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