Gre*_*ill 659
POD代表普通旧数据 - 即没有构造函数,析构函数和虚拟成员函数的类(无论是使用关键字struct还是关键字定义class).维基百科关于POD的文章更详细,并将其定义为:
C++中的普通旧数据结构是一个聚合类,它只包含PODS作为成员,没有用户定义的析构函数,没有用户定义的复制赋值运算符,也没有指向成员类型的非静态成员.
在C++ 98/03的答案中可以找到更多细节.C++ 11改变了围绕POD的规则,使它们大大放松,因此需要在此处进行后续回答.
Ste*_*sop 339
POD是一种类型(包括类),其中C++编译器保证结构中不会出现"魔术":例如,隐藏指向vtable的指针,在转换为其他类型时应用于地址的偏移量(至少如果目标的POD也是如此),构造函数或析构函数.粗略地说,类型是POD,当它中的唯一内容是内置类型和它们的组合时.结果是"像C"一样的行为.
int,char,wchar_t,bool,float,double是豆荚,因为是long/short和signed/unsigned他们的版本.enums 是PODconst或volatile POD是POD.class,struct或union荚果的是一个POD条件是所有的非静态数据成员是public,它没有基类和没有构造,析构函数,或虚拟方法.静态成员不会在此规则下停止某个POD.此规则在C++ 11中已更改,并且允许某些私有成员:具有所有私有成员的类是否可以是POD类?3.9(10): "算术类型(3.9.1),枚举类型,指针类型和指向成员类型的指针(3.9.2)以及这些类型的cv限定版本(3.9.3)是统一调用者标量类型.标量类型,POD结构类型,POD联合类型(第9节),这些类型的数组和这些类型的cv限定版本(3.9.3)统称为POD类型"
9(4): "POD-struct是一个聚合类,它没有非POD-struct类型的非静态数据成员,非POD-union(或这类类型的数组)或引用,并且没有用户 -定义复制操作符,没有用户定义的析构函数.类似地,POD-union是一个聚合联合,它没有非POD-struct,非POD-union(或这类类型的数组)或引用类型的非静态数据成员,并且没有用户定义的复制操作符,也没有用户定义的析构函数.
8.5.1(1): "聚合是一个数组或类(第9节),没有用户声明的构造函数(12.1),没有私有或受保护的非静态数据成员(第11节),没有基类(第10节)没有虚拟功能(10.3)."
uga*_*oft 19
总之,它是所有内置数据类型(例如int,char,float,long,unsigned char,double POD的数据,等等)和所有聚集.是的,这是一个递归定义.;)
更清楚一点,POD就是我们所说的"结构":一个单元或一组只存储数据的单元.
наб*_*эли 11
据我所知,POD(PlainOldData)只是一个原始数据 - 它不需要:
如何检查某些东西是否是POD?好吧,有一个结构称为std::is_pod:
namespace std {
// Could use is_standard_layout && is_trivial instead of the builtin.
template<typename _Tp>
struct is_pod
: public integral_constant<bool, __is_pod(_Tp)>
{ };
}
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(来自header type_traits)
参考:
POD(普通旧数据)对象具有以下数据类型之一 - 基本类型,指针,联合,结构,数组或类 - 没有构造函数.相反,非POD对象是构造函数所在的对象.POD对象在获得具有适当大小的存储的类型时开始其生命周期,并且当对象的存储被重用或取消分配时,其生命周期结束.
PlainOldData类型也不能包含以下任何内容:
PlainOldData的更宽松定义包括具有构造函数的对象; 但不包括虚拟的东西.PlainOldData类型的重要问题是它们是非多态的.可以使用POD类型进行继承,但是只应该对ImplementationInheritance(代码重用)而不是多态/子类型进行继承.
一个常见的(虽然不是严格正确的)定义是PlainOldData类型是没有VeeTable的任何东西.
static_assert从C++ 11到C++ 17和POD效果的所有非POD案例的例子
std::is_pod 在C++ 11中添加了,所以让我们现在考虑标准.
std::is_pod将按照/sf/answers/3390487271/中的说明从C++ 20中删除,让我们在支持到达替换时更新它.
随着标准的发展,POD限制变得越来越宽松,我的目标是通过ifdef覆盖示例中的所有放松.
libstdc ++只需进行一些测试:https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/gcc-8_2_0-release/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/20_util/is_pod/value.cc但它太少了.维护者:如果您阅读此帖,请合并.我懒得查看上面提到的所有C++测试项目:https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/199708/is-there-a-compliance-test-for-c-compilers
#include <type_traits>
#include <array>
#include <vector>
int main() {
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
// # Not POD
//
// Non-POD examples. Let's just walk all non-recursive non-POD branches of cppreference.
{
// Non-trivial implies non-POD.
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/TrivialType
{
// Has one or more default constructors, all of which are either
// trivial or deleted, and at least one of which is not deleted.
{
// Not trivial because we removed the default constructor
// by using our own custom non-default constructor.
{
struct C {
C(int) {}
};
static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_trivial<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// No, this is not a default trivial constructor either:
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/default_constructor
//
// The constructor is not user-provided (i.e., is implicitly-defined or
// defaulted on its first declaration)
{
struct C {
C() {}
};
static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_trivial<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
}
// Not trivial because not trivially copyable.
{
struct C {
C(C&) {}
};
static_assert(!std::is_trivially_copyable<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_trivial<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
}
// Non-standard layout implies non-POD.
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/StandardLayoutType
{
// Non static members with different access control.
{
// i is public and j is private.
{
struct C {
public:
int i;
private:
int j;
};
static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// These have the same access control.
{
struct C {
private:
int i;
int j;
};
static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
struct D {
public:
int i;
int j;
};
static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<D>(), "");
static_assert(std::is_pod<D>(), "");
}
}
// Virtual function.
{
struct C {
virtual void f() = 0;
};
static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// Non-static member that is reference.
{
struct C {
int &i;
};
static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// Neither:
//
// - has no base classes with non-static data members, or
// - has no non-static data members in the most derived class
// and at most one base class with non-static data members
{
// Non POD because has two base classes with non-static data members.
{
struct Base1 {
int i;
};
struct Base2 {
int j;
};
struct C : Base1, Base2 {};
static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// POD: has just one base class with non-static member.
{
struct Base1 {
int i;
};
struct C : Base1 {};
static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// Just one base class with non-static member: Base1, Base2 has none.
{
struct Base1 {
int i;
};
struct Base2 {};
struct C : Base1, Base2 {};
static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
}
// Base classes of the same type as the first non-static data member.
// TODO failing on GCC 8.1 -std=c++11, 14 and 17.
{
struct C {};
struct D : C {
C c;
};
//static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
//static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
};
// C++14 standard layout new rules, yay!
{
// Has two (possibly indirect) base class subobjects of the same type.
// Here C has two base classes which are indirectly "Base".
//
// TODO failing on GCC 8.1 -std=c++11, 14 and 17.
// even though the example was copy pasted from cppreference.
{
struct Q {};
struct S : Q { };
struct T : Q { };
struct U : S, T { }; // not a standard-layout class: two base class subobjects of type Q
//static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<U>(), "");
//static_assert(!std::is_pod<U>(), "");
}
// Has all non-static data members and bit-fields declared in the same class
// (either all in the derived or all in some base).
{
struct Base { int i; };
struct Middle : Base {};
struct C : Middle { int j; };
static_assert(!std::is_standard_layout<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
}
// None of the base class subobjects has the same type as
// for non-union types, as the first non-static data member
//
// TODO: similar to the C++11 for which we could not make a proper example,
// but with recursivity added.
// TODO come up with an example that is POD in C++14 but not in C++11.
}
}
}
// # POD
//
// POD examples. Everything that does not fall neatly in the non-POD examples.
{
// Can't get more POD than this.
{
struct C {};
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
static_assert(std::is_pod<int>(), "");
}
// Array of POD is POD.
{
struct C {};
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
static_assert(std::is_pod<C[]>(), "");
}
// Private member: became POD in C++11
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4762788/can-a-class-with-all-private-members-be-a-pod-class/4762944#4762944
{
struct C {
private:
int i;
};
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
#else
static_assert(!std::is_pod<C>(), "");
#endif
}
// Most standard library containers are not POD because they are not trivial,
// which can be seen directly from their interface definition in the standard.
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27165436/pod-implications-for-a-struct-which-holds-an-standard-library-container
{
static_assert(!std::is_pod<std::vector<int>>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_trivially_copyable<std::vector<int>>(), "");
// Some might be though:
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3674247/is-stdarrayt-s-guaranteed-to-be-pod-if-t-is-pod
static_assert(std::is_pod<std::array<int, 1>>(), "");
}
}
// # POD effects
//
// Now let's verify what effects does PODness have.
//
// Note that this is not easy to do automatically, since many of the
// failures are undefined behaviour.
//
// A good initial list can be found at:
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4178175/what-are-aggregates-and-pods-and-how-why-are-they-special/4178176#4178176
{
struct Pod {
uint32_t i;
uint64_t j;
};
static_assert(std::is_pod<Pod>(), "");
struct NotPod {
NotPod(uint32_t i, uint64_t j) : i(i), j(j) {}
uint32_t i;
uint64_t j;
};
static_assert(!std::is_pod<NotPod>(), "");
// __attribute__((packed)) only works for POD, and is ignored for non-POD, and emits a warning
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35152877/ignoring-packed-attribute-because-of-unpacked-non-pod-field/52986680#52986680
{
struct C {
int i;
};
struct D : C {
int j;
};
struct E {
D d;
} /*__attribute__((packed))*/;
static_assert(std::is_pod<C>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<D>(), "");
static_assert(!std::is_pod<E>(), "");
}
}
#endif
}
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经测试:
for std in 11 14 17; do echo $std; g++-8 -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=c++$std pod.cpp; done
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在Ubuntu 18.04,GCC 8.2.0上.
为什么我们需要完全区分POD和非POD?
C ++作为C的扩展而开始其生命。尽管现代C ++不再是C的严格超集,但人们仍然期望两者之间具有高度的兼容性。
粗略地说,POD类型是与C兼容的类型,也许同等重要地与某些ABI优化兼容的类型。
为了与C兼容,我们需要满足两个约束。
某些C ++功能与此不兼容。
虚拟方法要求编译器插入一个或多个指向虚拟方法表的指针,这在C语言中是不存在的。
用户定义的副本构造函数,移动构造函数,副本分配和析构函数对参数传递和返回有影响。许多C ABI在寄存器中传递并返回较小的参数,但是传递给用户定义的构造函数/辅助函数/析构函数的引用只能与内存位置一起使用。
因此,需要定义哪些类型可以期望是“ C兼容的”,哪些类型不能。在这方面,C ++ 03有点过分严格,任何用户定义的构造函数都将禁用内置的构造函数,并且任何将它们添加回去的尝试都将导致它们是用户定义的,因此类型为非Pod。通过允许用户重新引入内置构造函数,C ++ 11大大提高了性能。
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