Cri*_*scu 6 .net java generics covariance bounded-wildcard
我试图将一些使用(有界)通配符泛型的Java代码转换为C#.我的问题是,Java似乎允许泛型类型在与通配符一起使用时既是协变的又是逆变的.
[这是关于一个更简单的有界通配符案例的前一个问题的衍生物]
Java - 作品:
class Impl { }
interface IGeneric1<T extends Impl> {
void method1(IGeneric2<?> val);
T method1WithParam(T val);
}
interface IGeneric2<T extends Impl> {
void method2(IGeneric1<?> val);
}
abstract class Generic2<T extends Impl> implements IGeneric2<T> {
// !! field using wildcard
protected IGeneric1<?> elem;
public void method2(IGeneric1<?> val1) {
val1.method1(this);
//assignment from wildcard to wildcard
elem = val1;
}
}
abstract class Generic<T extends Impl> implements IGeneric1<T>, IGeneric2<T> {
public void method1(IGeneric2<?> val2) {
val2.method2(this);
}
}
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C# - 不编译......
class Impl { }
interface IGeneric1<T> where T:Impl {
//in Java:
//void method1(IGeneric2<?> val);
void method1<U>(IGeneric2<U> val) where U : Impl; //see this Q for 'why'
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/14277742/11545
T method1WithParam(T to);
}
interface IGeneric2<T>where T:Impl {
void method2<U>(IGeneric1<U> val) where U : Impl;
}
abstract class Generic2<T, TU>: IGeneric2<T> //added new type TU
where T : Impl
where TU : Impl
{
//in Java:
//protected IGeneric1<?> elem;
protected IGeneric1<TU> elem;
//in Java:
//public void method2(IGeneric1<?> val1)
public void method2<U>(IGeneric1<U> val)
where U : TU //using TU as constraint
{
elem = val; //Cannot convert source type 'IGeneric1<U>'
//to target type 'IGeneric1<TU>'
}
public abstract void method1WithParam(T to);
}
abstract class Generic<T> : IGeneric1<T>, IGeneric2<T> where T : Impl
{
//in Java:
//public void method1(IGeneric2<?> val2)
public void method1<U>(IGeneric2<U> val2) where U : Impl
{
val2.method2(this);
}
public abstract T method1WithParam(T to);
public abstract void method2<U>(IGeneric1<U> val) where U : Impl;
public abstract void nonGenericMethod();
}
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如果我改变interface IGeneric1<T>对interface IGeneric1<out T> 上述错误消失,但method1WithParam(T)抱怨方差:
Parameter must be input-safe. Invalid variance: The type parameter 'T' must be
contravariantly valid on 'IGeneric1<out T>'.
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首先我要说的是,设计审查显然已经开始按顺序进行了。原始的 Java 类聚合了一个IGeneric1<?>成员,但如果不知道其类型参数,就不可能method1WithParam以类型安全的方式调用它。
这意味着elem只能用于调用其method1成员,其签名不依赖于 的类型参数IGeneric1。由此可见,method1可以分解为非泛型接口:
// C# code:
interface INotGeneric1 {
void method1<T>(IGeneric2<T> val) where T : Impl;
}
interface IGeneric1<T> : INotGeneric1 where T : Impl {
T method1WithParam(T to);
}
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之后,class Generic2可以聚合一个INotGeneric1成员:
abstract class Generic2<T>: IGeneric2<T> where T : Impl
{
protected INotGeneric1 elem;
// It's highly likely that you would want to change the type of val
// to INotGeneric1 as well, there's no obvious reason to require an
// IGeneric1<U>
public void method2<U>(IGeneric1<U> val) where U : Impl
{
elem = val; // this is now OK
}
}
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当然,现在elem.method1WithParam除非您诉诸强制转换或反射,否则您无法调用,即使已知存在这样的方法并且它是通用的,并且以某种未知类型X作为类型参数。然而,这与 Java 代码具有相同的限制;只是 C# 编译器不会接受此代码,而 Java 只会在您尝试调用method1WithParam1.
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