两个python词典的递归diff(键和值)

Question

所以我有一个python字典,调用它d1,以及稍后的一个字典版本,调用它d2.我想找到d1和之间的所有变化d2.换句话说,添加,删除或更改的所有内容.棘手的一点是值可以是整数,字符串,列表或字母,因此它需要是递归的.这是我到目前为止:

def dd(d1, d2, ctx=""):
    print "Changes in " + ctx
    for k in d1:
        if k not in d2:
            print k + " removed from d2"
    for k in d2:
        if k not in d1:
            print k + " added in d2"
            continue
        if d2[k] != d1[k]:
            if type(d2[k]) not in (dict, list):
                print k + " changed in d2 to " + str(d2[k])
            else:
                if type(d1[k]) != type(d2[k]):
                    print k + " changed to " + str(d2[k])
                    continue
                else:
                    if type(d2[k]) == dict:
                        dd(d1[k], d2[k], k)
                        continue
    print "Done with changes in " + ctx
    return

除非值是列表,否则它可以正常工作.我无法想出一个优雅的方式来处理列表,而没有一个巨大的,略有改变的版本的这个函数重复后if(type(d2) == list).

有什么想法吗？

编辑:这与此帖不同,因为键可以更改

Answer 1

如果你想要递归的差异,我已经为python编写了一个包:https: //github.com/seperman/deepdiff

安装

从PyPi安装:

pip install deepdiff

用法示例

输入

>>> from deepdiff import DeepDiff
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> from __future__ import print_function # In case running on Python 2

同一对象返回空

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3}
>>> t2 = t1
>>> print(DeepDiff(t1, t2))
{}

项目类型已更改

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:"2", 3:3}
>>> pprint(DeepDiff(t1, t2), indent=2)
{ 'type_changes': { 'root[2]': { 'newtype': <class 'str'>,
                                 'newvalue': '2',
                                 'oldtype': <class 'int'>,
                                 'oldvalue': 2}}}

项目的价值已更改

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:4, 3:3}
>>> pprint(DeepDiff(t1, t2), indent=2)
{'values_changed': {'root[2]': {'newvalue': 4, 'oldvalue': 2}}}

添加和/或删除项目

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:4}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:4, 3:3, 5:5, 6:6}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff)
{'dic_item_added': ['root[5]', 'root[6]'],
 'dic_item_removed': ['root[4]'],
 'values_changed': {'root[2]': {'newvalue': 4, 'oldvalue': 2}}}

字符串差异

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world"}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:4, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world!"}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff, indent = 2)
{ 'values_changed': { 'root[2]': {'newvalue': 4, 'oldvalue': 2},
                      "root[4]['b']": { 'newvalue': 'world!',
                                        'oldvalue': 'world'}}}

字符串差异2

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world!\nGoodbye!\n1\n2\nEnd"}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world\n1\n2\nEnd"}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff, indent = 2)
{ 'values_changed': { "root[4]['b']": { 'diff': '--- \n'
                                                '+++ \n'
                                                '@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@\n'
                                                '-world!\n'
                                                '-Goodbye!\n'
                                                '+world\n'
                                                ' 1\n'
                                                ' 2\n'
                                                ' End',
                                        'newvalue': 'world\n1\n2\nEnd',
                                        'oldvalue': 'world!\n'
                                                    'Goodbye!\n'
                                                    '1\n'
                                                    '2\n'
                                                    'End'}}}

>>> 
>>> print (ddiff['values_changed']["root[4]['b']"]["diff"])
--- 
+++ 
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-world!
-Goodbye!
+world
 1
 2
 End

输入更改

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world\n\n\nEnd"}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff, indent = 2)
{ 'type_changes': { "root[4]['b']": { 'newtype': <class 'str'>,
                                      'newvalue': 'world\n\n\nEnd',
                                      'oldtype': <class 'list'>,
                                      'oldvalue': [1, 2, 3]}}}

列表差异

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3, 4]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff, indent = 2)
{'iterable_item_removed': {"root[4]['b'][2]": 3, "root[4]['b'][3]": 4}}

清单差异2:

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 3, 2, 3]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff, indent = 2)
{ 'iterable_item_added': {"root[4]['b'][3]": 3},
  'values_changed': { "root[4]['b'][1]": {'newvalue': 3, 'oldvalue': 2},
                      "root[4]['b'][2]": {'newvalue': 2, 'oldvalue': 3}}}

列出差异忽略顺序或重复:(使用与上面相同的词典)

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 3, 2, 3]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2, ignore_order=True)
>>> print (ddiff)
{}

包含字典的列表:

>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, {1:1, 2:2}]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, {1:3}]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff, indent = 2)
{ 'dic_item_removed': ["root[4]['b'][2][2]"],
  'values_changed': {"root[4]['b'][2][1]": {'newvalue': 3, 'oldvalue': 1}}}

集:

>>> t1 = {1, 2, 8}
>>> t2 = {1, 2, 3, 5}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (DeepDiff(t1, t2))
{'set_item_added': ['root[3]', 'root[5]'], 'set_item_removed': ['root[8]']}

命名元组:

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
>>> t1 = Point(x=11, y=22)
>>> t2 = Point(x=11, y=23)
>>> pprint (DeepDiff(t1, t2))
{'values_changed': {'root.y': {'newvalue': 23, 'oldvalue': 22}}}

自定义对象:

>>> class ClassA(object):
...     a = 1
...     def __init__(self, b):
...         self.b = b
... 
>>> t1 = ClassA(1)
>>> t2 = ClassA(2)
>>> 
>>> pprint(DeepDiff(t1, t2))
{'values_changed': {'root.b': {'newvalue': 2, 'oldvalue': 1}}}

添加了对象属性:

>>> t2.c = "new attribute"
>>> pprint(DeepDiff(t1, t2))
{'attribute_added': ['root.c'],
 'values_changed': {'root.b': {'newvalue': 2, 'oldvalue': 1}}}

Answer 2

这是一个受Winston Ewert启发的实现

def recursive_compare(d1, d2, level='root'):
    if isinstance(d1, dict) and isinstance(d2, dict):
        if d1.keys() != d2.keys():
            s1 = set(d1.keys())
            s2 = set(d2.keys())
            print('{:<20} + {} - {}'.format(level, s1-s2, s2-s1))
            common_keys = s1 & s2
        else:
            common_keys = set(d1.keys())

        for k in common_keys:
            recursive_compare(d1[k], d2[k], level='{}.{}'.format(level, k))

    elif isinstance(d1, list) and isinstance(d2, list):
        if len(d1) != len(d2):
            print('{:<20} len1={}; len2={}'.format(level, len(d1), len(d2)))
        common_len = min(len(d1), len(d2))

        for i in range(common_len):
            recursive_compare(d1[i], d2[i], level='{}[{}]'.format(level, i))

    else:
        if d1 != d2:
            print('{:<20} {} != {}'.format(level, d1, d2))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    d1={'a':[0,2,3,8], 'b':0, 'd':{'da':7, 'db':[99,88]}}
    d2={'a':[0,2,4], 'c':0, 'd':{'da':3, 'db':7}}

    recursive_compare(d1, d2)

将返回：

root                 + {'b'} - {'c'}
root.a               len1=4; len2=3
root.a[2]            3 != 4
root.d.db            [99, 88] != 7
root.d.da            7 != 3

Answer 3

一种选择是将您运行的任何列表转换为以索引作为键的字典.例如:

# add this function to the same module
def list_to_dict(l):
    return dict(zip(map(str, range(len(l))), l))

# add this code under the 'if type(d2[k]) == dict' block
                    elif type(d2[k]) == list:
                        dd(list_to_dict(d1[k]), list_to_dict(d2[k]), k)

以下是您在评论中提供的示例词典的输出:

>>> d1 = {"name":"Joe", "Pets":[{"name":"spot", "species":"dog"}]}
>>> d2 = {"name":"Joe", "Pets":[{"name":"spot", "species":"cat"}]}
>>> dd(d1, d2, "base")
Changes in base
Changes in Pets
Changes in 0
species changed in d2 to cat
Done with changes in 0
Done with changes in Pets
Done with changes in base

请注意,这将按索引比较索引,因此需要进行一些修改才能正常添加或删除列表项.

Answer 4

只是一个想法:您可以尝试一种面向对象的方法,在这种方法中,您可以派生自己的字典类,跟踪对其所做的任何更改(并报告它们).似乎这样做可能比试图比较两个dicts有许多优点......最后会注意到一个.

为了说明如何做到这一点,这是一个相当完整且经过最低限度测试的示例实现,它应该适用于Python 2和3:

import sys

_NUL = object()  # unique object

if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
else:
    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
        return d.iterkeys(**kw)


class TrackingDict(dict):
    """ Dict subclass which tracks all changes in a _changelist attribute. """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(TrackingDict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.clear_changelist()
        for key in sorted(iterkeys(self)):
            self._changelist.append(AddKey(key, self[key]))

    def clear_changelist(self):  # additional public method
        self._changelist = []

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        modtype = ChangeKey if key in self else AddKey
        super(TrackingDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)
        self._changelist.append(modtype(key, self[key]))

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        super(TrackingDict, self).__delitem__(key)
        self._changelist.append(RemoveKey(key))

    def clear(self):
        deletedkeys = self.keys()
        super(TrackingDict, self).clear()
        for key in sorted(deletedkeys):
            self._changelist.append(RemoveKey(key))

    def update(self, other=_NUL):
        if other is not _NUL:
            otherdict = dict(other)  # convert to dict if necessary
            changedkeys = set(k for k in otherdict if k in self)
            super(TrackingDict, self).update(other)
            for key in sorted(iterkeys(otherdict)):
                if key in changedkeys:
                    self._changelist.append(ChangeKey(key, otherdict[key]))
                else:
                    self._changelist.append(AddKey(key, otherdict[key]))

    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
        if key not in self:
            self[key] = default  # will append an AddKey to _changelist
        return self[key]

    def pop(self, key, default=_NUL):
        if key in self:
            ret = self[key]  # save value
            self.__delitem__(key)
            return ret
        elif default is not _NUL:  # default specified
            return default
        else:  # not there & no default
            self[key]  # allow KeyError to be raised

    def popitem(self):
        key, value = super(TrackingDict, self).popitem()
        self._changelist.append(RemoveKey(key))
        return key, value

# change-tracking record classes

class DictMutator(object):
    def __init__(self, key, value=_NUL):
        self.key = key
        self.value = value
    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.key,
                             '' if self.value is _NUL else ': '+repr(self.value))

class AddKey(DictMutator): pass
class ChangeKey(DictMutator): pass
class RemoveKey(DictMutator): pass

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import traceback
    import sys

    td = TrackingDict({'one': 1, 'two': 2})
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td['three'] = 3
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td['two'] = -2
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.clear()
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.clear_changelist()

    td['newkey'] = 42
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.setdefault('another') # default None value
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.setdefault('one more', 43)
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.update(zip(('another', 'one', 'two'), (17, 1, 2)))
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.pop('newkey')
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    try:
        td.pop("won't find")
    except KeyError:
        print("KeyError as expected:")
        traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
    print('...and no change to _changelist:')
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

    td.clear_changelist()
    while td:
        td.popitem()
    print('changelist: {}'.format(td._changelist))

请注意,不同于简单比较之前和之后的字典的状态,这个类会告诉你哪些添加,然后被删除,换句话说,它保持一个完整的历史,直到它的按键_changelist被清除.

输出:

changelist: [AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2)]
changelist: [AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2), AddKey('three': 3)]
changelist: [AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2), AddKey('three': 3), ChangeKey('two': -2)]
changelist: [AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2), AddKey('three': 3), ChangeKey('two': -2), RemoveKey('one'), RemoveKey('three'), RemoveKey('two')]
changelist: [AddKey('newkey': 42)]
changelist: [AddKey('newkey': 42), AddKey('another': None)]
changelist: [AddKey('newkey': 42), AddKey('another': None), AddKey('one more': 43)]
changelist: [AddKey('newkey': 42), AddKey('another': None), AddKey('one more': 43), ChangeKey('another': 17), AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2)]
changelist: [AddKey('newkey': 42), AddKey('another': None), AddKey('one more': 43), ChangeKey('another': 17), AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2), RemoveKey('newkey')]
KeyError as expected:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "trackingdict.py", line 122, in <module>
    td.pop("won't find")
  File "trackingdict.py", line 67, in pop
    self[key]  # allow KeyError to be raised
KeyError: "won't find"
...and no change to _changelist:
changelist: [AddKey('newkey': 42), AddKey('another': None), AddKey('one more': 43), ChangeKey('another': 17), AddKey('one': 1), AddKey('two': 2), RemoveKey('newkey')]
changelist: [RemoveKey('one'), RemoveKey('two'), RemoveKey('another'), RemoveKey('one more')]

Answer 5

正如 Serge 所建议的，我发现这个解决方案有助于快速获取两个字典是否“一路向下”匹配的布尔值：

import json

def match(d1, d2):
    return json.dumps(d1, sort_keys=True) == json.dumps(d2, sort_keys=True)

Answer 6

您的函数应该首先检查其参数的类型,编写函数以便它可以处理列表,字典,整数和字符串.这样你就不必复制任何东西,只需递归调用即可.

伪代码:

def compare(d1, d2):
     if d1 and d2 are dicts
            compare the keys, pass values to compare
     if d1 and d2 are lists
            compare the lists, pass values to compare
     if d1 and d2 are strings/ints
            compare them