teh*_*m0n 5 regression r linear-regression piecewise lm
我想用一个断点拟合分段线性回归xt,这样x < xt我们就得到二次多项式,并且x >= xt我们有一条直线.两个部分应该顺利连接,连续性高达一阶导数xt.这是它的外观图片:
我将我的分段回归函数参数化为:
其中a,b,c和xt要被估计的参数.
我想在调整的R平方方面将该模型与整个范围内的二次多项式回归进行比较.
这是我的数据:
y <- c(1, 0.59, 0.15, 0.078, 0.02, 0.0047, 0.0019, 1, 0.56, 0.13,
0.025, 0.0051, 0.0016, 0.00091, 1, 0.61, 0.12, 0.026, 0.0067,
0.00085, 4e-04)
x <- c(0, 5.53, 12.92, 16.61, 20.3, 23.07, 24.92, 0, 5.53, 12.92,
16.61, 20.3, 23.07, 24.92, 0, 5.53, 12.92, 16.61, 20.3, 23.07,
24.92)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
我的尝试如下,一个已知的xt:
z <- pmax(0, x - xt)
x1 <- pmin(x, xt)
fit <- lm(y ~ x1 + I(x1 ^ 2) + z - 1)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
但直线似乎与二次多项式相切xt.我哪里做错了?
类似的问题:
这是消化线性模型的理论和实现的一个很好的练习(可能很难).我的答案将包含两部分:
我必须使用不同的参数化,因为你在问题中给出的那个是错误的!您的参数化只能确保函数值的连续性,但不能保证一阶导数!这就是为什么你的拟合线与拟合的二次多项式相切的原因xt.
## generate design matrix
getX <- function (x, c) {
x <- x - c
cbind("beta0" = 1, "beta1" = x, "beta2" = pmin(x, 0) ^ 2)
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
est下面的函数包含.lm.fit(为了最大效率)估计和推断模型,给定c:
## `x`, `y` give data points; `c` is known break point
est <- function (x, y, c) {
## model matrix
X <- getX(x, c)
p <- dim(X)[2L]
## solve least squares with QR factorization
fit <- .lm.fit(X, y)
## compute Pearson estimate of `sigma ^ 2`
r <- c(fit$residuals)
n <- length(r)
RSS <- c(crossprod(r))
sig2 <- RSS / (n - p)
## coefficients summary table
beta <- fit$coefficients
R <- "dimnames<-"(fit$qr[1:p, ], NULL)
Rinv <- backsolve(R, diag(p))
se <- sqrt(rowSums(Rinv ^ 2) * sig2)
tstat <- beta / se
pval <- 2 * pt(abs(tstat), n - p, lower.tail = FALSE)
tab <- matrix(c(beta, se, tstat, pval), nrow = p, ncol = 4L,
dimnames = list(dimnames(X)[[2L]],
c("Estimate", "Std. Error", "t value", "Pr(>|t|)")))
## 2 * negative log-likelihood
nega2logLik <- n * log(2 * pi * sig2) + (n - p)
## AIC / BIC
aic <- nega2logLik + 2 * (p + 1)
bic <- nega2logLik + log(n) * (p + 1)
## multiple R-squared and adjusted R-squared
TSS <- c(crossprod(y - sum(y) / n))
r.squared <- 1 - RSS / TSS
adj.r.squared <- 1 - sig2 * (n - 1) / TSS
## return
list(coefficients = beta, residuals = r, fitted.values = c(X %*% beta),
R = R, sig2 = sig2, coef.table = tab, aic = aic, bic = bic, c = c,
RSS = RSS, r.squared = r.squared, adj.r.squared = adj.r.squared)
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
正如您所看到的,它还会返回各种摘要,就像summary.lm调用了一样.现在让我们编写另一个包装器函数choose.c.它勾画RSS反对c.grid,并选择返回的最佳模式c.
choose.c <- function (x, y, c.grid) {
if (is.unsorted(c.grid)) stop("'c.grid' in not increasing")
## model list
lst <- lapply(c.grid, est, x = x, y = y)
## RSS trace
RSS <- sapply(lst, "[[", "RSS")
## verbose
plot(c.grid, RSS, type = "b", pch = 19)
## find `c` / the model minimizing `RSS`
lst[[which.min(RSS)]]
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
到现在为止还挺好.为了完成这个故事,我们还想要一个predict例程.
pred <- function (model, x.new) {
## prediction matrix
X <- getX(x.new, model$c)
p <- dim(X)[2L]
## predicted mean
fit <- X %*% model$coefficients
## prediction standard error
Qt <- forwardsolve(t(model$R), t(X))
se <- sqrt(colSums(Qt ^ 2) * model$sig2)
## 95%-confidence interval
alpha <- qt(0.025, length(model$residuals) - p)
lwr <- fit + alpha * se
upr <- fit - alpha * se
## return
matrix(c(fit, se, lwr, upr), ncol = 4L,
dimnames = list(NULL, c("fit", "se", "lwr", "upr")))
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
在本节中,我将演示一个可重现的例子.请确保您在其他答案中定义了源函数.
## we first generate a true model
set.seed(0)
x <- runif(100) ## sample points on [0, 1]
beta <- c(0.1, -0.2, 2) ## true coefficients
X <- getX(x, 0.6) ## model matrix with true break point at 0.6
y <- X %*% beta + rnorm(100, 0, 0.08) ## observations with Gaussian noise
plot(x, y)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
现在,假设我们不知道c,我们想在均匀间隔的网格上搜索:
c.grid <- seq(0.1, 0.9, 0.05)
fit <- choose.c(x, y, c.grid)
fit$c
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
RSS选择了0.55.这与真实值略有不同0.6,但从图中我们看到RSS曲线之间的变化不大,[0.5, 0.6]所以我很满意.
生成的模型fit包含丰富的信息:
#List of 12
# $ coefficients : num [1:3] 0.114 -0.246 2.366
# $ residuals : num [1:100] 0.03279 -0.01515 0.21188 -0.06542 0.00763 ...
# $ fitted.values: num [1:100] 0.0292 0.3757 0.2329 0.1087 0.0263 ...
# $ R : num [1:3, 1:3] -10 0.1 0.1 0.292 2.688 ...
# $ sig2 : num 0.00507
# $ coef.table : num [1:3, 1:4] 0.1143 -0.2456 2.3661 0.0096 0.0454 ...
# ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
# .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "beta0" "beta1" "beta2"
# .. ..$ : chr [1:4] "Estimate" "Std. Error" "t value" "Pr(>|t|)"
# $ aic : num -240
# $ bic : num -243
# $ c : num 0.55
# $ RSS : num 0.492
# $ r.squared : num 0.913
# $ adj.r.squared: num 0.911
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
我们可以提取系数的汇总表:
fit$coef.table
# Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
#beta0 0.1143132 0.009602697 11.904286 1.120059e-20
#beta1 -0.2455986 0.045409356 -5.408546 4.568506e-07
#beta2 2.3661097 0.169308226 13.975161 5.730682e-25
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
最后,我们想看一些预测图.
x.new <- seq(0, 1, 0.05)
p <- pred(fit, x.new)
head(p)
# fit se.fit lwr upr
#[1,] 0.9651406 0.02903484 0.9075145 1.0227668
#[2,] 0.8286400 0.02263111 0.7837235 0.8735564
#[3,] 0.7039698 0.01739193 0.6694516 0.7384880
#[4,] 0.5911302 0.01350837 0.5643199 0.6179406
#[5,] 0.4901212 0.01117924 0.4679335 0.5123089
#[6,] 0.4009427 0.01034868 0.3804034 0.4214819
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
我们可以制作一个情节:
plot(x, y, cex = 0.5)
matlines(x.new, p[,-2], col = c(1,2,2), lty = c(1,2,2), lwd = 2)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)