如何在两种公钥格式之间进行转换,一种是"BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY",另一种是"BEGIN PUBLIC KEY"

Question

如何在两种公钥格式之间进行转换,一种格式为:

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
...
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

另一种格式是:

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
...
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

例如,我使用ssh-keygen命令生成了id_rsa/id_rsa.pub对,我使用以下方法计算了id_rsa中的公钥:

openssl rsa -in id_rsa -pubout -out pub2 

然后我再次使用以下方法从id_rsa.pub计算公钥:

ssh-keygen -f id_rsa.pub -e -m pem > pub1

pub1的内容是:

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

而pub2的内容是:

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS
+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFaD1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBS
EVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSwluowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7n
oLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhBo8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0v
Tl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlVgPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeu
lmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhHAo8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26
ZQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

根据我的理解,pub1和pub2包含相同的公钥信息,但它们的格式不同,我想知道如何在两种格式之间进行转换？任何人都可以向我展示两种格式的简明介绍吗？

Answer 1

我想帮助解释一下这里发生了什么.

RSA "公钥"由两个数字组成:

• 模数(例如2,048位数)
• 指数(通常为65,537)

以RSA公钥为例,这两个数字是:

• 模数:297,056,429,939,040,947,991,047,334,197,581,225,628,107,021,573,849,359,042,679,698,093,131,908, 015,712,695,688,944,173,317,630,555,849,768,647,118,986,535,684,992,447,654,339,728,777,985,990,170, 679,511,111,819,558,063,246,667,855,023,730,127,805,401,069,042,322,764,200,545,883,378,826,983,730, 553,730,138,478,384,327,116,513,143,842,816,383,440,639,376,515,039,682,874,046,227,217,032,079,079,790,098,143,158,087,443,017,552,531,393,264,852,461,292,775,129,262,080,851,633,535,934,010,704,122,673,027,067,442,627,059,982,393,297,716,922,243,940,155,855,127,430,302,323,883,824,137,412,883,916,794,359,982,603,439,112,095,116,831,297,809,626,059,569,444,750,808,699,678,211,904,501,083,183,234,323,797,142,810,155,862,553,705,570,600,021,649,944,369,726,123,996,534,870,137,000,784,980,673,984,909,570,977,377,882,585,701
• 指数:65,537

那么问题就变成了我们如何将这些数字存储在计算机中.首先我们将两者都转换为十六进制:

• 模量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
• 指数:010001

RSA发明了第一种格式

RSA首先发明了一种格式:

RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
    modulus           INTEGER,  -- n
    publicExponent    INTEGER   -- e
}

他们选择使用ASN.1二进制编码标准的DER风格来表示两个数字[1]:

SEQUENCE (2 elements)
   INTEGER (2048 bit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
   INTEGER (24 bit): 010001

ASN.1中的最终二进制编码是:

30 82 01 0A      ;sequence (0x10A bytes long)
   02 82 01 01   ;integer (0x101 bytes long)
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
   02 03         ;integer (3 bytes long)
      010001

如果然后将所有这些字节一起运行并对其进行Base64编码,则得到:

MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB

然后RSA实验室说添加标题和预告片:

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

五个连字符,和单词BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY.这是您的PEM DER ASN.1 PKCS#1 RSA公钥

• PEM:base64的同义词
• DER:ASN.1编码的味道
• ASN.1:使用的二进制编码方案
• PKCS#1:规定将公钥表示为由模数后跟指数组成的结构的正式规范
• RSA公钥:正在使用的公钥算法

不仅仅是RSA

之后,出现了其他形式的公钥加密:

• 的Diffie-Hellman
• Ellicptic曲线

当创建一个如何表示这些加密算法参数的标准时,人们采用了许多与RSA最初定义的相同的想法:

• 使用ASN.1二进制编码
• base64它
• 用五个连字符包裹它
• 和话 BEGIN PUBLIC KEY

但不是使用:

• -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
• -----BEGIN DH PUBLIC KEY-----
• -----BEGIN EC PUBLIC KEY-----

他们决定包括要遵循的对象标识符(OID).对于RSA公钥,即:

• RSA PKCS#1:1.2.840.113549.1.1.1

这给你一个ASN.1:

public struct RSAPublicKey {
   INTEGER modulus,
   INTEGER publicExponent 
}

ASN.1中的最终二进制编码是:

public struct SubjectPublicKeyInfo {
   AlgorithmIdentifier algorithm,
   RSAPublicKey subjectPublicKey
}

和以前一样,你接受所有这些字节,Base64对它们进行编码,最后得到你的第二个例子:

SubjectPublicKeyInfo  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
    algorithm  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        algorithm               OBJECT IDENTIFIER, -- 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 rsaEncryption (PKCS#1 1)
        parameters              ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL  },
    subjectPublicKey     BIT STRING {
        RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
            modulus            INTEGER,    -- n
            publicExponent     INTEGER     -- e
        }
}

添加略有不同的标题和预告片,您将得到:

SEQUENCE (2 elements)
   SEQUENCE (2 elements)
      OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1
      NULL
   BIT STRING (1 element)
      SEQUENCE (2 elements)
         INTEGER (2048 bit): 0282010100EB506399F5C612F5A67A09C1192B92FAB53DB28520D859CE0EF6B7D83D40AA1C1DCE2C0720D15A0F531595CAD81BA5D129F91CC6769719F1435872C4BCD0521150A0263B470066489B918BFCA03CE8A0E9FC2C0314C4B096EA30717C03C28CA29E678E63D78ACA1E9A63BDB1261EE7A0B041AB53746D68B57B68BEF37B71382838C95DA8557841A3CA58109F0B4F77A5E929B1A25DC2D6814C55DC0F81CD2F4E5DB95EE70C706FC02C4FCA358EA9A82D8043A47611195580F89458E3DAB5592DEFE06CDE1E516A6C61ED78C13977AE9660A9192CA75CD72967FD3AFAFA1F1A2FF6325A5064D847028F1E6B2329E8572F36E708A549DDA355FC74A32FDD8DBA65
         INTEGER (24 bit): 010001

这是你的X.509 SubjectPublicKeyInfo/OpenSSL PEM公钥 [2].

做得对,或破解它

现在您知道编码不是魔术,您可以编写解析RSA模数和指数所需的所有部分.或者您可以认识到前24个字节只是在原始PKCS#1标准之上添加了新内容

30 82 01 22          ;SEQUENCE (0x122 bytes = 290 bytes)
|  30 0D             ;SEQUENCE (0x0d bytes = 13 bytes) 
|  |  06 09          ;OBJECT IDENTIFIER (0x09 = 9 bytes)
|  |  2A 86 48 86   
|  |  F7 0D 01 01 01 ;hex encoding of 1.2.840.113549.1.1
|  |  05 00          ;NULL (0 bytes)
|  03 82 01 0F 00    ;BIT STRING  (0x10f = 271 bytes)
|  |  30 82 01 0A       ;SEQUENCE (0x10a = 266 bytes)
|  |  |  02 82 01 01    ;INTEGER  (0x101 = 257 bytes)
|  |  |  |  00             ;leading zero of INTEGER
|  |  |  |  EB 50 63 99 F5 C6 12 F5  A6 7A 09 C1 19 2B 92 FA 
|  |  |  |  B5 3D B2 85 20 D8 59 CE  0E F6 B7 D8 3D 40 AA 1C 
|  |  |  |  1D CE 2C 07 20 D1 5A 0F  53 15 95 CA D8 1B A5 D1 
|  |  |  |  29 F9 1C C6 76 97 19 F1  43 58 72 C4 BC D0 52 11 
|  |  |  |  50 A0 26 3B 47 00 66 48  9B 91 8B FC A0 3C E8 A0
|  |  |  |  E9 FC 2C 03 14 C4 B0 96  EA 30 71 7C 03 C2 8C A2  
|  |  |  |  9E 67 8E 63 D7 8A CA 1E  9A 63 BD B1 26 1E E7 A0  
|  |  |  |  B0 41 AB 53 74 6D 68 B5  7B 68 BE F3 7B 71 38 28
|  |  |  |  38 C9 5D A8 55 78 41 A3  CA 58 10 9F 0B 4F 77 A5
|  |  |  |  E9 29 B1 A2 5D C2 D6 81  4C 55 DC 0F 81 CD 2F 4E 
|  |  |  |  5D B9 5E E7 0C 70 6F C0  2C 4F CA 35 8E A9 A8 2D 
|  |  |  |  80 43 A4 76 11 19 55 80  F8 94 58 E3 DA B5 59 2D
|  |  |  |  EF E0 6C DE 1E 51 6A 6C  61 ED 78 C1 39 77 AE 96 
|  |  |  |  60 A9 19 2C A7 5C D7 29  67 FD 3A FA FA 1F 1A 2F 
|  |  |  |  F6 32 5A 50 64 D8 47 02  8F 1E 6B 23 29 E8 57 2F 
|  |  |  |  36 E7 08 A5 49 DD A3 55  FC 74 A3 2F DD 8D BA 65
|  |  |  02 03          ;INTEGER (03 = 3 bytes)
|  |  |  |  010001

由于财富和好运的非凡巧合:

24个字节正好对应恰好 32个64位编码的字符

这意味着如果您使用第二个X.509公钥,并分隔前32个字符:

MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS
+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFaD1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBS
EVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSwluowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7n
oLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhBo8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0v
Tl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlVgPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeu
lmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhHAo8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26
ZQIDAQAB   

删除前32个字符,并将其更改为BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY:

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS
+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFaD1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBS
EVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSwluowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7n
oLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhBo8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0v
Tl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlVgPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeu
lmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhHAo8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26
ZQIDAQAB   
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

你有你想要的.

Answer 2

我发现这个网站是对不同格式的一个很好的技术解释:https://polarssl.org/kb/cryptography/asn1-key-structures-in-der-and-pem

"BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY"是PKCS#1,它只能包含RSA密钥.

"BEGIN PUBLIC KEY"是PKCS#8,它可以包含各种格式.

如果你只想用命令行转换它们,"openssl rsa"对此有好处.

要从PKCS#8转换为PKCS#1:

openssl rsa -pubin -in <filename> -RSAPublicKey_out

要从PKCS#1转换为PKCS#8:

openssl rsa -RSAPublicKey_in -in <filename> -pubout

Answer 3

虽然上面关于32字节标题,OID格式等的评论很有意思,但我个人并没有看到相同的行为,假设我明白了.我认为在大多数人认为过多的细节中进一步探讨这一点可能会有所帮助.没有什么比超过多了.

首先,我创建了一个RSA私钥,并检查它:

>openssl rsa -in newclient_privatekey.pem  -check
RSA key ok
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

(哦,恐怖!我暴露了一把私钥.嗯......)

我提取并显示其公钥:

>openssl rsa -in newclient_privatekey.pem -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

它恰好发生了另一个公钥输出参数(如前面的评论中所述).我使用该关键字提取并显示公钥:

>openssl rsa -in newclient_privatekey.pem -RSAPublicKey_out
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGJAoGBAKf86UWTu8tFDp0GI1CS+OeGbik5haj4Z4ASZTg3Uc9mPV3G/vTiGbzR
5hzuHXbFzuhVwMsF0cHIYAYGlB+mOB0/KjML/NKpy5TqIGu/MNOnIbXOEgbvoqty
N1tfo+UoA872v90JGZSKMWFWhSVjrLAaSeYsGu1mQuQGFyGBicyzAgMBAAE=
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

好吧.这两个公钥值不尽相同,但它们来自同一个私钥.或者他们是一样的吗？我将两个公钥字符串剪切并粘贴到自己的文件中,然后对每个公钥进行模数检查:

>openssl rsa -in newclient_publickey.pem -pubin -modulus
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

该"pubin"告诉RSA,这确实是应该是一个公共密钥,也不要抱怨,这不是一个私钥.

现在我们使用RSA公钥,显示模数,并将其变换为一个普通的旧"公钥"(同样,我们必须告诉它输入是公钥):

>openssl rsa -in newclient_rsapublickey.pem -RSAPublicKey_in -modulus
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

显示相同的模数和相同的"公钥"值.为了让事情变得更有趣(无论如何),当我们使用RSAPublicKey_out关键字时,我们得到:

>openssl rsa -in newclient_rsapublickey.pem -RSAPublicKey_in -modulus -RSAPublicKey_out
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGJAoGBAKf86UWTu8tFDp0GI1CS+OeGbik5haj4Z4ASZTg3Uc9mPV3G/vTiGbzR
5hzuHXbFzuhVwMsF0cHIYAYGlB+mOB0/KjML/NKpy5TqIGu/MNOnIbXOEgbvoqty
N1tfo+UoA872v90JGZSKMWFWhSVjrLAaSeYsGu1mQuQGFyGBicyzAgMBAAE=
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

...当我们将普通的旧"公钥"变换为RSA公钥时:

>openssl rsa -in newclient_publickey.pem -pubin -RSAPublicKey_out
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGJAoGBAKf86UWTu8tFDp0GI1CS+OeGbik5haj4Z4ASZTg3Uc9mPV3G/vTiGbzR
5hzuHXbFzuhVwMsF0cHIYAYGlB+mOB0/KjML/NKpy5TqIGu/MNOnIbXOEgbvoqty
N1tfo+UoA872v90JGZSKMWFWhSVjrLAaSeYsGu1mQuQGFyGBicyzAgMBAAE=
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

......坚持不懈地前进,虽然我们刚刚在几个命令之前做了这个,为了说明问题,我们翻转了一下,所以变形从RSA到普通的"公钥":

>openssl rsa -in newclient_rsapublickey.pem -RSAPublicKey_in -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

......这让我们回到了我们开始的地方.我们学到了什么？

总结:内部的键是相同的,它们看起来不同.早先的评论指出RSA密钥格式是在PKCS#1中定义的,普通的旧"公钥"格式是在PKCS#8中定义的.但是,编辑一个表单不会将其转换为另一个表单.希望我现在已经把这种区别打败了.

但是,如果仍有生命的火花,那么让我们再说一点,并参考最初用RSA私钥生成的证书,检查其公钥和模数:

>openssl x509 -in newclient_cert.pem -pubkey -noout -modulus
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3

......并且他们从此过上幸福的生活:证书具有与RSA公钥,RSA私钥和普通旧"公钥"相同的模数值.证书包含我们之前看到的相同的普通旧"公钥"值,尽管它是使用标记为RSA私钥的文件签名的.可以说有一致意见是安全的.

在OpenSSL galaxy的X509象限中没有'RSAPublicKey_out'等效关键字,所以我们不能尝试,尽管模数值被描述为"RSA密钥模数",我认为它与我们得到的一样接近.

我不知道如何使用DSA签名的证书.

我意识到这不能回答原始问题,但也许它提供了一些有用的背景.如果没有,我的道歉.至少,不做的事情和不做的假设.

毫无疑问,人们已经注意到"写RSA密钥"时略微恼人的重复,当它没有做任何这样的事情时.我假设rsa模块将普通的旧公钥识别为真正的RSA密钥,这就是为什么它一直坚持"RSA密钥"(毕竟加上它是rsa模块).如果我没记错的话,通用的EVP_PKEY结构对所有键类型都有一个联合,每个键类型都有自己特殊的值集(有用地命名为g,w,q和其他辅音).

最后,我注意到有关于编程和开发的投诉; 现在,每个OpenSSL命令显然都有相应的代码,如果想要探索今天OpenSSL编程的所有奇迹,命令行似乎是一个合理的起点.在这种特殊情况下(因为我现在使用的是最近的cygwin),可以先查看\ openssl-1.0.2f\apps\rsa.c和(给出一个对宏的容忍度很高)\ openssl-1.0. 2F \加密\ PEM\pem_all.c

Answer 4

使用phpseclib,纯PHP RSA实现 ......

<?php
include('Crypt/RSA.php');

$rsa = new Crypt_RSA();
$rsa->loadKey('-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS
+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFaD1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBS
EVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSwluowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7n
oLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhBo8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0v
Tl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlVgPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeu
lmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhHAo8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26
ZQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----');
$rsa->setPublicKey();

echo $rsa->getPublicKey(CRYPT_RSA_PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1_RAW);

即使标题显示BEGIN PUBLIC KEY而不是BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY,base64编码的东西似乎也匹配.所以也许只需使用str_replace来修复它,你应该好好去!

Answer 5

除了页眉/页脚之外,pub1和pub2之间的唯一区别是pub2中的这个附加字符串:MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8A.如果删除它,Base 64与pub1中的相同.

额外字符串对应于根据本答案的算法标识符.