如何优化nginx？从基准测试看来，Apache2 的静态交付速度更快

Question

如何优化nginx？从基准测试看来，Apache2 的静态交付速度更快

在我的一台 vps 服务器上，我设置了 Apache2 和 nginx，nginx 在端口 8080 和 Apache2 在 80，并创建了一个静态 HTML 文件。

静态 HTML/Apache2：

meder@meder-desktop:~$ sudo ab -n 1000 -c 5 http://medero.org/index.html
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 655654 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/

Benchmarking medero.org (be patient)
Completed 100 requests
Completed 200 requests
Completed 300 requests
Completed 400 requests
Completed 500 requests
Completed 600 requests
Completed 700 requests
Completed 800 requests
Completed 900 requests
Completed 1000 requests
Finished 1000 requests


Server Software:        Apache/2.2.9
Server Hostname:        medero.org
Server Port:            80

Document Path:          /index.html
Document Length:        1014 bytes

Concurrency Level:      5
Time taken for tests:   6.186 seconds
Complete requests:      1000
Failed requests:        0
Write errors:           0
Total transferred:      1334000 bytes
HTML transferred:       1014000 bytes
Requests per second:    161.67 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       30.928 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       6.186 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          210.61 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:       12   15   2.1     14      35
Processing:    12   16   3.4     15      48
Waiting:       12   16   2.8     15      37
Total:         25   31   4.3     29      63

Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
  50%     29
  66%     30
  75%     31
  80%     32
  90%     35
  95%     39
  98%     47
  99%     51
 100%     63 (longest request)

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静态 HTML/Nginx：

meder@meder-desktop:~$ sudo ab -n 1000 -c 5 http://medero.org:8080/index.html
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 655654 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/

Benchmarking medero.org (be patient)
Completed 100 requests
Completed 200 requests
Completed 300 requests
Completed 400 requests
Completed 500 requests
Completed 600 requests
Completed 700 requests
Completed 800 requests
Completed 900 requests
Completed 1000 requests
Finished 1000 requests


Server Software:        nginx/0.6.32
Server Hostname:        medero.org
Server Port:            8080

Document Path:          /index.html
Document Length:        1014 bytes

Concurrency Level:      5
Time taken for tests:   6.424 seconds
Complete requests:      1000
Failed requests:        0
Write errors:           0
Total transferred:      1226000 bytes
HTML transferred:       1014000 bytes
Requests per second:    155.67 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       32.119 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       6.424 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          186.38 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:       13   15   2.5     14      36
Processing:    12   17  11.0     15     184
Waiting:       11   16   9.6     14     171
Total:         25   32  11.4     30     200

Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
  50%     30
  66%     31
  75%     33
  80%     33
  90%     35
  95%     38
  98%     45
  99%     50
 100%    200 (longest request)

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我已经做了很多次，结果几乎相同，Apache2 比 Nginx 花费更少的时间来处理。

这是nginx的配置：

user www-data;
worker_processes  4;

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    tcp_nodelay        on;

    gzip  on;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

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和 Apache 2.2.9-10（预分叉 - 非线程）：

MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
KeepAliveTimeout 15
<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
    StartServers          5
    MinSpareServers       5
    MaxSpareServers      10
    MaxClients          150
    MaxRequestsPerChild   0
</IfModule>

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加载的模块：

meder@host:~$ sudo apache2ctl -t -D DUMP_MODULES
Loaded Modules:
 core_module (static)
 log_config_module (static)
 logio_module (static)
 mpm_prefork_module (static)
 http_module (static)
 so_module (static)
 alias_module (shared)
 auth_basic_module (shared)
 authn_file_module (shared)
 authz_default_module (shared)
 authz_groupfile_module (shared)
 authz_host_module (shared)
 authz_user_module (shared)
 autoindex_module (shared)
 cgi_module (shared)
 dir_module (shared)
 env_module (shared)
 mime_module (shared)
 negotiation_module (shared)
 php5_module (shared)
 rewrite_module (shared)
 setenvif_module (shared)
 status_module (shared)
 wsgi_module (shared)
Syntax OK

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服务器详情：

Debian Lenny 5.0.3
32-bit Unmanaged VPS
384MB Ram

processor   : 7
vendor_id   : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model       : 23
model name  : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU           E5405  @ 2.00GHz
stepping    : 6
cpu MHz     : 1995.006
cache size  : 6144 KB
physical id : 1
siblings    : 4
core id     : 3
cpu cores   : 4
apicid      : 7
fpu     : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level : 10
wp      : yes
flags       : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl vmx tm2 cx16 xtpr lahf_lm
bogomips    : 3990.03
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 38 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

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内存信息：

cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:       393216 kB
MemFree:        304828 kB
Buffers:             0 kB
Cached:              0 kB
SwapCached:          0 kB
Active:              0 kB
Inactive:            0 kB
HighTotal:           0 kB
HighFree:            0 kB
LowTotal:       393216 kB
LowFree:        304828 kB
SwapTotal:           0 kB
SwapFree:            0 kB
Dirty:               0 kB
Writeback:           0 kB
AnonPages:           0 kB
Mapped:          88388 kB
Slab:                0 kB
PageTables:          0 kB
NFS_Unstable:        0 kB
Bounce:              0 kB
CommitLimit:         0 kB
Committed_AS:   354892 kB
VmallocTotal:        0 kB
VmallocUsed:         0 kB
VmallocChunk:        0 kB
HugePages_Total:     0
HugePages_Free:      0
HugePages_Rsvd:      0
Hugepagesize:     2048 kB

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似乎mod_deflate甚至没有启用，所以我什至没有在 Apache2 上使用 gzip，但它比 nginx 更快地提供静态 HTML。我有点纳闷，难道我只需要重新配置nginx的设置？任何建议表示赞赏。

更新 #1 - 我安装apache2-utils并运行了dstat. 我还更改了测试文件，因此它现在使用 9.7 mb html 文件，Apache2 和 nginx 仍然非常一致。也许我需要限制可用的内存量或限制它的东西..

这是dstat我连续查询 9.7 mb 时的运行情况：

sudo dstat
----total-cpu-usage---- -dsk/total- -net/total- ---paging-- ---system--
usr sys idl wai hiq siq| read  writ| recv  send|  in   out | int   csw 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |   0     0 |   0     0 |   0  7230 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |6071B   20k|   0     0 |   0  5534 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 720B   21k|   0     0 |   0  4749 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 822B 4788B|   0     0 |   0  5487 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 288B  408B|   0     0 |   0  4625 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |5595B 4057B|   0     0 |   0  5966 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 957B 3710B|   0     0 |   0  4904 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 986B 5013B|   0     0 |   0  6906 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 872B 3636B|   0     0 |   0  5614 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  368B|   0     0 |   0  5506 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  660B|   0     0 |   0  4883 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |1604B 5105B|   0     0 |   0  5087 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 860B 3708B|   0     0 |   0    13k
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 909B 3619B|   0     0 |   0    11k
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  16k   44k|   0     0 |   0  5920 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 132B 3256B|   0     0 |   0  6946 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 184B 3589B|   0     0 |   0  5083 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 869B 3637B|   0     0 |   0  5528 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 917B 3576B|   0     0 |   0  5638 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 9.8k 2299B|   0     0 |   0  5255 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |6205B   11k|   0     0 |   0  7230 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |1712B   35k|   0     0 |   0  4863 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 243k   25M|   0     0 |   0  7432 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 337k   33M|   0     0 |   0  8716 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 297k   35M|   0     0 |   0  6786 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 349k   33M|   0     0 |   0  7655 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 338k   33M|   0     0 |   0  7605 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 324k   34M|   0     0 |   0  7967 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 320k   35M|   0     0 |   0  7235 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 333k   35M|   0     0 |   0  7062 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 355k   35M|   0     0 |   0  6209 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 299k   33M|   0     0 |   0  8732 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 369k   34M|   0     0 |   0  8610 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 352k   34M|   0     0 |   0  7635 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 331k   34M|   0     0 |   0  8087 
  0   1  99   0   0   0|   0     0 | 312k   35M|   0     0 |   0  6445 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  81k 7879k|   0     0 |   0  6131 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B 1848B|   0     0 |   0  5124 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 120B 6216B|   0     0 |   0  5426 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 120B 3256B|   0     0 |   0  4947 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  15k   43k|   0     0 |   0  5632 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 829B 8504B|   0     0 |   0  5913 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  92B  384B|   0     0 |   0  8680 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 926B  571B|   0     0 |   0  4843 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 795B  675B|   0     0 |   0  5479 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 280B 2048B|   0     0 |   0  4536 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 172B 1760B|   0     0 |   0  6334 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 120B  456B|   0     0 |   0  5710 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  408B|   0     0 |   0  6225 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 120B  368B|   0     0 |   0  6639 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 140B  328B|   0     0 |   0  5507 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |7487B 9697B|   0     0 |   0  7201 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 920B   37k|   0     0 |   0  6086 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 320B  536B|   0     0 |   0  5756 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  40B  384B|   0     0 |   0  7153 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  368B|   0     0 |   0  5227 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  408B|   0     0 |   0  6042 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 | 160B  368B|   0     0 |   0  6730 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  280B|   0     0 |   0  5424 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  336B|   0     0 |   0  8042 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  40B  384B|   0     0 |   0  5559 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  280B|   0     0 |   0  6266 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  296B|   0     0 |   0  6198 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  456B|   0     0 |   0  6499 
  0   0 100   0   0   0|   0     0 |  80B  368B|   0     0 |   0  7143

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Answer 1

wom*_*ble 2

在不受带宽限制的连接上（我怀疑这里的连接很小），gzip 压缩的内容传输速度会比非 gzip 压缩的内容慢，因为涉及额外的 CPU。压缩内容通常会更快，因为较小的数据块传输速度更快，但通过这个小测试可能不会有帮助。尝试将苹果与苹果进行比较，看看会得到什么。

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