Postfix 可以向除 gmail 之外的所有域发送邮件

Question

我的 postfix 服务器遇到了一个奇怪的问题。我可以很好地发送和接收电子邮件，gmail 除外。每当我发送邮件到例如某人@gmail.com 时，它都会返回

I'm sorry to have to inform you that your message could not
be delivered [...]

                   The mail system

<someone@gmail.com>: user unknown

这就是我在 mail.log 中得到的

15:32 dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<kontakt@minzkraut.com>, method=PLAIN, rip=37.120.177.241, lip=37.120.177.241, mpid=20955, TLS, session=<jaW3/4ZRAqsleLHx>
15:32 postfix/smtpd[20956]: connect from v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de[37.120.177.241]
15:32 postfix/smtpd[20956]: 4B34140DE2: client=v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de[37.120.177.241], sasl_method=PLAIN, sasl_username=kontakt@minzkraut.com
15:32 postfix/cleanup[20961]: 4B34140DE2: message-id=<592801bf80ad3c84cefbba9d68947b6a@minzkraut.com>
15:32 postfix/qmgr[17940]: 4B34140DE2: from=<kontakt@minzkraut.com>, size=1123, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
15:32 postfix/smtpd[20956]: disconnect from v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de[37.120.177.241]
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: connection from localhost [::1]:44313 to port 783, fd 5
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: setuid to vmail succeeded
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: creating default_prefs: /home/vmail/.spamassassin/user_prefs
15:32 spamd[17176]: config: cannot create user preferences file /home/vmail/.spamassassin/user_prefs: No such file or directory
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: failed to create readable default_prefs: /home/vmail/.spamassassin/user_prefs
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: processing message <592801bf80ad3c84cefbba9d68947b6a@minzkraut.com> for vmail:2000
15:32 spamd[17176]: plugin: eval failed: bayes: (in learn) locker: safe_lock: cannot create tmp lockfile /home/vmail/.spamassassin/bayes.lock.v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de.17176 for /home/vmail/.spamassassin/bayes.lock: No such file or directory
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: clean message (0.0/4.5) for vmail:2000 in 0.0 seconds, 1199 bytes.
15:32 spamd[17176]: spamd: result: . 0 - scantime=0.0,size=1199,user=vmail,uid=2000,required_score=4.5,rhost=localhost,raddr=::1,rport=44313,mid=<592801bf80ad3c84cefbba9d68947b6a@minzkraut.com>,autolearn=unavailable autolearn_force=no
15:32 postfix/pipe[20963]: 4B34140DE2: to=<someone@gmail.com>, relay=spamassassin, delay=0.14, delays=0.06/0.01/0/0.07, dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (user unknown)
15:32 postfix/cleanup[20961]: 6C497422EF: message-id=<20170609133221.6C497422EF@v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de>
15:32 postfix/bounce[20966]: 4B34140DE2: sender non-delivery notification: 6C497422EF
15:32 postfix/qmgr[17940]: 6C497422EF: from=<>, size=3001, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
15:32 dovecot: imap(kontakt@minzkraut.com): Logged out in=1056 out=1358
15:32 postfix/qmgr[17940]: 4B34140DE2: removed
15:32 dovecot: lda(kontakt@minzkraut.com): sieve: msgid=<20170609133221.6C497422EF@v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de>: stored mail into mailbox 'INBOX'
15:32 postfix/pipe[20967]: 6C497422EF: to=<kontakt@minzkraut.com>, relay=dovecot, delay=0.08, delays=0.03/0.01/0/0.04, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (delivered via dovecot service)
15:32 postfix/qmgr[17940]: 6C497422EF: removed
15:32 spamd[17175]: prefork: child states: II
15:32 dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<kontakt@minzkraut.com>, method=PLAIN, rip=37.120.177.241, lip=37.120.177.241, mpid=20970, TLS, session=<PxS9/4ZRCqsleLHx>
15:32 dovecot: imap(kontakt@minzkraut.com): Logged out in=90 out=937

我已经在我的 dovecot 和 postfix 配置中搜索了“Gmail”，但什么也没有。
我在这里缺少什么？

编辑： postconf -n

alias_maps = $alias_database
append_dot_mydomain = no
biff = no
broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes
command_directory = /usr/sbin
config_directory = /etc/postfix
daemon_directory = /usr/lib/postfix
data_directory = /var/lib/postfix
debugger_command = PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin ddd $daemon_directory/$process_name $process_id & sleep 5
dovecot_destination_recipient_limit = 1
html_directory = no
inet_protocols = ipv4
local_transport = local
mailbox_size_limit = 0
mailq_path = /usr/bin/mailq
manpage_directory = /usr/share/man
message_size_limit = 52428800
mydomain = v22017054597548976.hotsrv.de
myhostname = $mydomain
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8
newaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliases
readme_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix
sample_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix
sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail
setgid_group = postdrop
smtp_tls_security_level = may
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Debian/GNU)
smtpd_client_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unknown_client_hostname
smtpd_helo_required = yes
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination, reject_unauth_pipelining, reject_non_fqdn_recipient
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sender_login_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_sender_permissions.cf
smtpd_sender_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_sender_login_mismatch, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unknown_helo_hostname, reject_unknown_recipient_domain, reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/apache2/certs/
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/apache2/certs/
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1
smtpd_tls_received_header = yes
smtpd_tls_security_level = may
smtpd_use_tls = yes
unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550
virtual_alias_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_alias_maps.cf
virtual_gid_maps = static:2000
virtual_mailbox_base = /
virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_mailbox_domains.cf
virtual_mailbox_limit = 0
virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_mailbox_maps.cf
virtual_transport = dovecot
virtual_uid_maps = static:2000

EDIT2：这是postfix的master.cf，还要注意我可以使用mail或发送到gmail就好了sendmail

#
# Postfix master process configuration file.  For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
# on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type  private unpriv  chroot  wakeup  maxproc command + args
#               (yes)   (yes)   (yes)   (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp      inet  n       -       -       -       -       smtpd -o content_filter=spamassassin
#smtp      inet  n       -       -       -       1       postscreen
#smtpd     pass  -       -       -       -       -       smtpd
#dnsblog   unix  -       -       -       -       0       dnsblog
#tlsproxy  unix  -       -       -       -       0       tlsproxy
#submission inet n       -       -       -       -       smtpd
#  -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
#  -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
#  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
#  -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
#  -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
#  -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
#  -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#smtps     inet  n       -       -       -       -       smtpd
#  -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
#  -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
#  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
#  -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
#  -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
#  -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
#  -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628       inet  n       -       -       -       -       qmqpd
pickup    unix  n       -       -       60      1       pickup
cleanup   unix  n       -       -       -       0       cleanup
qmgr      unix  n       -       n       300     1       qmgr
#qmgr     unix  n       -       n       300     1       oqmgr
tlsmgr    unix  -       -       -       1000?   1       tlsmgr
rewrite   unix  -       -       -       -       -       trivial-rewrite
bounce    unix  -       -       -       -       0       bounce
defer     unix  -       -       -       -       0       bounce
trace     unix  -       -       -       -       0       bounce
verify    unix  -       -       -       -       1       verify
flush     unix  n       -       -       1000?   0       flush
proxymap  unix  -       -       n       -       -       proxymap
proxywrite unix -       -       n       -       1       proxymap
smtp      unix  -       -       -       -       -       smtp
relay     unix  -       -       -       -       -       smtp
#       -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq     unix  n       -       -       -       -       showq
error     unix  -       -       -       -       -       error
retry     unix  -       -       -       -       -       error
discard   unix  -       -       -       -       -       discard
local     unix  -       n       n       -       -       local
virtual   unix  -       n       n       -       -       virtual
lmtp      unix  -       -       -       -       -       lmtp
anvil     unix  -       -       -       -       1       anvil
scache    unix  -       -       -       -       1       scache
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent.  See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
maildrop  unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
  flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
#   lmtp    cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
#  mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#  virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus     unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
#  user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
#  flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
uucp      unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
  flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail ($recipient)
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
ifmail    unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
  flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
bsmtp     unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
  flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender $recipient
scalemail-backend unix  -       n       n       -       2       pipe
  flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store ${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
mailman   unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
  flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
  ${nexthop} ${user}
# Dovecot LDA
dovecot   unix  -       n       n       -       -       pipe
        flags=DRhu user=vmail:vmail argv=/usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -d ${recipient}
spamassassin unix -     n   n   -   -   pipe
    flags=DROhu user=vmail:vmail argv=/usr/bin/spamc -f -e
    /usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -f ${sender} -d ${user}@${nexthop}

Answer 1

您似乎对25传入和传出邮件都使用了 SMTP 端口。因为你有

smtp         inet  n    -   -   -   -   smtpd -o content_filter=spamassassin

spamassassin unix  -    n   n   -   -   pipe
    flags=DROhu user=vmail:vmail argv=/usr/bin/spamc -f -e
    /usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -f ${sender} -d ${user}@${nexthop}

这也将导致所有外发邮件通过 Spamassassin，这是dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (user unknown)在spamd[17176]: plugin: eval failed:.

这不是此配置的唯一问题：

• 用户似乎使用纯文本密码对 SMTP 进行身份验证（sasl_method=PLAIN)因为您丢失了smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt。非常不安全和危险！

• 将端口25用于消息传输代理(MTA)以外的连接可能会给您的客户端带来问题，因为来自RFC 6409介绍：

  例如，由于带有蠕虫、病毒或其他会生成大量垃圾邮件的恶意软件的机器普遍存在，许多站点现在禁止标准 SMTP 端口（端口 25）上的出站流量，通过提交服务器汇集所有邮件提交。

在RFC 6409是为规范信息提交邮件和您还没有配置你的后缀正确充当邮件提交代理（MSA） 。从另一方面来说，这样做可以解决您的问题，该问题可能仅与 Gmail 相关，但实际上更广泛。

基本上，您通常587通过取消注释这些master.cf行来启用端口提交：

#submission inet n       -       -       -       -       smtpd
#  -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
#  -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
#  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
#  -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
#  -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
#  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
#  -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
#  -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING

与此同时，您应该删除permit_sasl_authenticatedfrom的出现main.cf。

这可能不是您需要做的全部。您用于 SASL 的 Dovecot 似乎比 Postfix 自己的SASL Howto具有更好的使用 Postfix 提交的教程。来自Postfix 和 Dovecot SASL：

使用 SASL 和 Postfix 提交端口

当 Dovecot 用作 Postfix 的身份验证后端时，最好为 MUA (TCP 587)使用专用提交端口 。您不仅可以在master.cf 覆盖全局参数时指定单个参数，而且当 Dovecot 身份验证机制不可用时，您也不会遇到 Internet 邮件拒绝。

在这个例子中，Postfix 被配置为只接受 TLS 加密会话，以及其他几个完整性检查：

• 通过登录地图验证别名所有权
• 域名和收件人的合理性

master.cf

submission inet n - n - - smtpd
  -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
  -o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
  -o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
  -o smtpd_sasl_security_options=noanonymous
  -o smtpd_sasl_local_domain=$myhostname
  -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
  -o smtpd_sender_login_maps=hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
  -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=reject_sender_login_mismatch
  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=reject_non_fqdn_recipient,reject_unknown_recipient_domain,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject