标签: postgresql

我有一个关于 Postgres 的查询，我还添加了适当的索引。这里有什么遗漏吗？

SELECT orders.*, demo.name as d_name
FROM orders
LEFT JOIN users as demo ON demo.id = orders.dr_id
WHERE orders.customer_id = 526373 
AND (orders.log_id = 300)
AND (orders.order_count_id IN (10, 1, 8, 2, 3))
LIMIT 5

查询计划来自EXPLAIN ANALYZE：

QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limit  (cost=2490.30..2867.15 rows=3 width=182) (actual time=33.292..34.115 rows=3 loops=1)
->  Nested Loop Left Join  (cost=2490.30..2867.15 rows=3 width=182) (actual time=33.291..34.113 rows=3 loops=1)
     ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on orders  (cost=2490.02..2842.22 rows=3 width=172) (actual time=33.279..34.097 rows=3 loops=1)
           Recheck Cond: ((customer_id …

我有一个包含以下数据的表，使用 Postgres 9.6：

log_id | 序列 | made_at（时间戳）
206480 1 1
206480 1 2
206480 2 3
206480 3 4
206480 1 5
206480 2 6
206480 4 7
206480 5 8
206480 1 9
206480 2 10
206481 1 11
206481 2 12
206481 3 13
206481 4 14

我必须对 ID 进行分组和聚合，以便获得一系列可能的序列。最后，我希望数据看起来像这样：

log_id | 序列
206480 {1,1,2,3}
206480 {1,2,4,5}
206480{1,2}
206481 {1,2,3,4}

在以下情况下，我想要一个新行（带有序列）：

• 的log_id变化; 或者
• 下一个序列号低于当前序列号。

还有另一列指定排序（时间戳），但它在另一个表中（我加入它们并使用该时间戳）。为了使事情更容易，我省略了它，但我们可以假设该列名为made_at.

我很想知道如何创建一个视图，以 10 分钟最接近 10 分钟的间隔分组时间戳，并包含每个最小和最大时间戳。

所以一个看起来像这样的表：

| Hero         | timestamp           |

| Batman       | 2016-12-08 12:00:00 |
| Batman       | 2016-12-08 12:07:00 |
| Batman       | 2016-12-08 13:00:00 |
| Batman       | 2016-12-08 14:00:00 |
| Wonder Woman | 2016-12-08 10:15:00 |
| Wonder Woman | 2016-12-08 10:18:00 |
| Wonder Woman | 2016-12-08 10:25:00 |
| Wonder Woman | 2016-12-08 10:30:00 |

会导致这样的观点

| Hero         | start_time          | end_time            |

| Batman       | 2016-12-08 12:00:00 | 2016-12-08 12:07:00 | …

导入时出现此错误：

pg_restore: [archiver (db)] COPY failed for table "transaction_details":
ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type money: "$0.00"

Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)

restore完成，但transaction_details桌子是空的。这是 Heroku 的 PostgreSQL Dump 数据库。

Heroku 上的 PostgreSQL 版本是 9.3.15，在我的系统上也是如此

我使用的命令：

pg_restore: [archiver (db)] COPY failed for table "transaction_details":
ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type money: "$0.00"

有人可以提出解决方案吗？

我是 PostgreSQL 的新手，这就是我问这个问题的原因。我有一个表app_client_users和一个名为client_id. 最初我将其设置为NOT NULL，现在我想将其更改为允许 NULL。我试过了

alter table app_client_users alter column client_id int  NULL ;

和

alter table app_client_users alter column client_id   NULL ;

这是行不通的。我该如何解决？

类似SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY case when _parameter='a' then column_a end, case when _parameter='b' then column_b end的查询是可能的，但是：这是一个好习惯吗？

在查询的 WHERE 部分使用参数是很常见的，在 SELECT 部分有一些计算列，但参数化 ORDER BY 子句并不常见。

假设我们有一个列出二手车的应用程序 (à la CraigsList)。汽车列表可以按价格或颜色排序。我们有一个函数，给定一定数量的参数（比如价格范围、颜色和排序标准），它会返回一组带有结果的记录。

为了具体起见，让我们假设cars都在下表中：

CREATE TABLE cars
(
  car_id serial NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,  /* arbitrary anonymous key */
  make text NOT NULL,       /* unnormalized, for the sake of simplicity */
  model text NOT NULL,      /* unnormalized, for the sake of simplicity */
  year integer,             /* may …

我正在尝试使用 pgAdmin 连接到由 Elephantsql 托管的 Postgresql 服务器。但是，我不断收到错误消息no pg_hba.conf entry for host：

no pg_hba.conf entry for host "173.18.54.553", user "db_user", database "db_name", SSL on FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "xxx.xx.xxx.xxx", user "hcexhbhx", database "postgres", SSL off

在做了一些研究之后，我编辑了我的pg_hba.conf文件：

    # TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

    # "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
    local   all             all                                     trust
    # IPv4 local connections:
    host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            trust
    host    all             all             173.66.143.244/24       md5 (new entry)
    host    all             all             0.0.0.0/0 …

当我试图跑步时psql，我得到了

psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory
    Is the server running locally and accepting
    connections on Unix domain socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"?

当我检查时Server.log，我看到：

FATAL: database files are incompatible with server
DETAIL: The data directory was initialized by PostgreSQL version 9.5,
        which is not compatible with this version 9.6.1.

我尝试按照本教程（从 9.4 到 9.5）升级 9.6.1，但不断收到此错误消息

cannot write to log file pg_upgrade_internal.log
Failure, exiting

跑完后

$ pg_upgrade -v \
> -d /usr/local/var/postgres \
> …

我有 2 个看起来像这样的表：

表一：

CREATE TEMP TABLE table_a (
  Column_1 text,
  ID_number int
);
INSERT INTO table_a VALUES
  ('foo,bar,baz', 123),
  ('qux,quux,quuz',456),
  ('corge,grault,garply',789),
  ('qux,bar,grault', 101);

表 B：

CREATE TEMP TABLE table_b (
  Column_1 text,
  Column_2 text,
  ID_number int
);
INSERT INTO table_b VALUES
  ('foo','baz',null),
  ('qux','quzz',null),
  ('corge','garply',null);

我正在尝试从表 A 中的 ID_number 列复制值，其中表 B 的第 1 列和第 2 列中的值可以在表 A 的第 1 列的同一行中找到。

这是我在想的事情：

UPDATE table_b AS B 
SET id_number = A.id_number 
FROM table_a AS A 
WHERE A.column_1 LIKE B.column_1
  AND A.column_1 LIKE …

Postgres 似乎对数组值进行了某种压缩。我有一个包含 210 万行的表，每个表都有 2 列 smallint 数组，全部填充了 1440 个值。大多数这些值是-32768。我很惊讶地看到整个表，大约 60 亿个 smallint，在磁盘上只有 540MB。我做了一个实验，看起来 Postgres 正在做某种压缩。

对于从 1 到 1000 的 1000 个 smallint，pg_column_size 返回 2048。1000 个 smallint 的数组，全部为 -32768，pg_column_size 返回 74。1000 个 smallint 的数组，交替 1 和 0，pg_column_size 返回 73。

这在任何地方都有记录吗？

CREATE TABLE testing (
  values smallint[]
);

SELECT pg_table_size('testing');

SELECT pg_column_size(testing.*) FROM testing
-- 1,2,3,...,1000
INSERT INTO testing VALUES(
'{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000}' );

SELECT pg_column_size(testing.*) FROM testing;
TRUNCATE TABLE testing;
-- 1000 identical values
INSERT INTO testing VALUES (
'{-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768}');

SELECT …