如何为 MySQL 中具有 NULL 值的列设计索引？

Question

我有一个包含 4000 万个条目的数据库，并希望使用以下WHERE子句运行查询

...
WHERE
  `POP1` IS NOT NULL 
  && `VT`='ABC'
  && (`SOURCE`='HOME')
  && (`alt` RLIKE '^[AaCcGgTt]$')
  && (`ref` RLIKE '^[AaCcGgTt]$')
  && (`AA` RLIKE '^[AaCcGgTt]$')
  && (`ref` = `AA` || `alt` = `AA`)
LIMIT 10 ;

POP1是一个浮点列，也可以是 NULL。POP1 IS NOT NULL应该排除大约 50% 的条目，这就是我把它放在开头的原因。所有其他术语仅略微减少数量。

其中，我设计了一个pop1_vt_source似乎没有使用的索引，而使用了vt第一列的索引。解释输出：

| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys                          | key                 | key_len | ref         | rows     | Extra       |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | myTab | ref  | vt_source_pop1_pop2,pop1_vt_source,... | vt_source_pop1_pop2 | 206     | const,const | 20040021 | Using where |

为什么pop1不使用第一列的索引？因为NOT或因为NULL一般。如何改进索引和 WHERE 子句的设计？即使限制为 10 个条目，查询也需要超过 30 秒，尽管表中的前 100 个条目应包含 10 个匹配项。

Answer 1

它是NOT NULL：

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `myTab` (`notnul` FLOAT, `nul` FLOAT);
INSERT INTO `myTab` VALUES (1, NULL), (1, 2), (1, NULL), (1, 2), (1, NULL), (1, 2), (1, NULL), (1, 2), (1, NULL), (1, 2), (1, NULL), (1, 2);
SELECT * FROM `myTab`;

给出：

+--------+------+
| notnul | nul  |
+--------+------+
|      1 | NULL |
|      1 |    2 |
|      1 | NULL |
|      1 |    2 |
|      1 | NULL |
|      1 |    2 |
|      1 | NULL |
|      1 |    2 |
|      1 | NULL |
|      1 |    2 |
|      1 | NULL |
|      1 |    2 |
+--------+------+

创建索引：

CREATE INDEX `notnul_nul` ON `myTab` (`notnul`, `nul`);
CREATE INDEX `nul_notnul` ON `myTab` (`nul`, `notnul`);

SHOW INDEX FROM `myTab`;

给出：

+-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name   | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| myTab |          1 | notnul_nul |            1 | notnul      | A         |          12 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| myTab |          1 | notnul_nul |            2 | nul         | A         |          12 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| myTab |          1 | nul_notnul |            1 | nul         | A         |          12 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| myTab |          1 | nul_notnul |            2 | notnul      | A         |          12 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
+-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

现在解释选择。似乎 MySQL 使用索引，即使您使用NOT NULL：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM `myTab` WHERE `notnul` IS NOT NULL;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key        | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | myTab | index | notnul_nul    | notnul_nul | 10      | NULL |   12 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+


EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM `myTab` WHERE `nul` IS NOT NULL;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key        | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | myTab | range | nul_notnul    | nul_notnul | 5       | NULL |    6 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+

但是，当比较NOT NULL和 时NULL，似乎 MySQL 在使用NOT NULL. 虽然这显然没有添加任何信息。这是因为 MySQL 解释NOT NULL为一个范围，正如您在 type-column 中看到的那样。我不确定是否有解决方法：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM `myTab` WHERE `nul` IS NULL && notnul=2;
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------------+------------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys         | key        | key_len | ref         | rows | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------------+------------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | myTab | ref  | notnul_nul,nul_notnul | notnul_nul | 10      | const,const |    1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------------+------------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+


EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM `myTab` WHERE `nul` IS NOT NULL && notnul=2;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+-----------------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys         | key        | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+-----------------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | myTab | range | notnul_nul,nul_notnul | notnul_nul | 10      | NULL |    1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+-----------------------+------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+

我认为在 MySQL 中可能有更好的实现，因为它NULL是一个特殊的值。可能大多数人都对NOT NULL价值观感兴趣。