查找与给定主键关联的外键

Question

我想要一种方法来确定给定数据库中的哪些列通过 PK/FK 关系连接。我可以通过以下方式返回给定表的 PK/FK 信息

SELECT *  
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE AS cu 
WHERE EXISTS (
    SELECT tc.* 
    FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS AS tc 
    WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG = 'MyDatabase'  
        AND tc.TABLE_NAME = 'MyTable'  
        /*AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'*/
        AND tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = cu.CONSTRAINT_NAME);
GO

但是对于从这样的查询返回的 PK，我如何建立关联的 FK（假设有一个）？

我知道您还可以通过以下方式获取引用的表：

SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME = name, 
       FOREIGN_SCHEMA = OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(parent_object_id), 
       FOREIGN_TABLE = OBJECT_NAME(parent_object_id), 
       REFERENCED_SCHEMA = OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(referenced_object_id), 
       REFERENCED_TABLE = OBJECT_NAME(referenced_object_id) 
FROM sys.foreign_keys
WHERE OBJECT_NAME(referenced_object_id) = 'MyTable';
GO

但我现在正在努力获得明确的列引用。

我正在为 QlikView 创建一个脚本生成器。要生成脚本，我需要约束和关联的链接。我需要任何给定列（如果有）的所有约束信息。

我想构建一个数据库类来保存给定数据库的所有信息。database.table.column.constraints然后将使用该类结构来获取 PK/FK 上不同列之间的匹配。

很明显，有些列只有 FK，在这种情况下，我还想检索相应键的 PK 信息；有些将只有PK，然后我想要相反的。有些当然可以两者兼而有之。

Answer 1

这是一个简单的查询，用于将外键与其引用的表/列进行匹配：

SELECT
    o1.name AS FK_table,
    c1.name AS FK_column,
    fk.name AS FK_name,
    o2.name AS PK_table,
    c2.name AS PK_column,
    pk.name AS PK_name,
    fk.delete_referential_action_desc AS Delete_Action,
    fk.update_referential_action_desc AS Update_Action
FROM sys.objects o1
    INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys fk
        ON o1.object_id = fk.parent_object_id
    INNER JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns fkc
        ON fk.object_id = fkc.constraint_object_id
    INNER JOIN sys.columns c1
        ON fkc.parent_object_id = c1.object_id
        AND fkc.parent_column_id = c1.column_id
    INNER JOIN sys.columns c2
        ON fkc.referenced_object_id = c2.object_id
        AND fkc.referenced_column_id = c2.column_id
    INNER JOIN sys.objects o2
        ON fk.referenced_object_id = o2.object_id
    INNER JOIN sys.key_constraints pk
        ON fk.referenced_object_id = pk.parent_object_id
        AND fk.key_index_id = pk.unique_index_id
ORDER BY o1.name, o2.name, fkc.constraint_column_id

输出有八列：外键的表名和列名（FK_table、FK_column）、外键约束的名称（FK_name）、引用的 PK 或唯一索引表和列名（PK_table、PK_column）、引用的 PK 或唯一索引 (PK_name) 的名称，以及更新/删除级联操作 (Delete_Action、Update_Action)。

（编辑以添加更多输出列。）

编辑： 6 年后，我带着改进版回来了。我意识到原始查询并不能很好地处理多列外键，而且我还希望能够快速识别禁用、不受信任或未编入索引的外键。所以这是纠正所有这些的新版本。

多列键在FK_columns和中显示为逗号分隔的列表PK_columns，使用传统的FOR XML/STUFF滥用。该FK_indexes列显示外键表上的任何索引的名称，这些索引可能用于满足使用外键列的查找（主要用于优化对主键表的删除或更新）。如果是NULL，那么您有一个未编入索引的外键。如果要按 PK 表名称排序、过滤特定 PK/FK 表等ORDER BY，可以调整或添加WHERE子句（在下面注释掉）。

SELECT
    fk.is_disabled,
    fk.is_not_trusted,
    OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(o1.object_id) AS FK_schema,
    o1.name AS FK_table,
    --Generate list of columns in referring side of foreign key
    STUFF(
        (
            SELECT ', ' + c1.name AS [text()]
            FROM sys.columns c1 INNER
                JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns fkc
                    ON c1.object_id = fkc.parent_object_id
                    AND c1.column_id = fkc.parent_column_id
            WHERE fkc.constraint_object_id = fk.object_id
            FOR XML PATH('')
        ), 1, 2, '') AS FK_columns,
    --Look for any indexes that will fully satisfy the foreign key columns
    STUFF(
        (
            SELECT ', ' + i.name AS [text()]
            FROM sys.indexes i
            WHERE i.object_id = o1.object_id
                AND NOT EXISTS ( --Find foreign key columns that don't match the index key columns
                    SELECT fkc.constraint_column_id, fkc.parent_column_id
                    FROM sys.foreign_key_columns fkc
                    WHERE fkc.constraint_object_id = fk.object_id
                    EXCEPT
                    SELECT ic.key_ordinal, ic.column_id
                    FROM sys.index_columns ic
                    WHERE ic.object_id = i.object_id AND ic.index_id = i.index_id
                )
            FOR XML PATH('')
        ), 1, 2, '') AS FK_indexes,
    fk.name AS FK_name,
    OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(o2.object_id) AS PK_schema,
    o2.name AS PK_table,
    --Generate list of columns in referenced (i.e. PK) side of foreign key
    STUFF(
        (
            SELECT ', ' + c2.name AS [text()]
            FROM sys.columns c2
                INNER JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns fkc
                    ON c2.object_id = fkc.referenced_object_id
                    AND c2.column_id = fkc.referenced_column_id
            WHERE fkc.constraint_object_id = fk.object_id
            FOR XML PATH('')
        ), 1, 2, '') AS PK_columns,
    pk.name AS PK_name,
    fk.delete_referential_action_desc AS Delete_Action,
    fk.update_referential_action_desc AS Update_Action
FROM sys.objects o1
    INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys fk
        ON o1.object_id = fk.parent_object_id
    INNER JOIN sys.objects o2
        ON fk.referenced_object_id = o2.object_id
    INNER JOIN sys.key_constraints pk
        ON fk.referenced_object_id = pk.parent_object_id
        AND fk.key_index_id = pk.unique_index_id
--WHERE o2.name = 'Company_Address'
ORDER BY o1.name, o2.name

Answer 2

此查询为您提供数据库中的所有 FK 关系 - FK 约束名称、引用表的架构/表、引用列名称、引用表的架构/表和引用列名称。多列约束会有多行。

SELECT 
    FK = OBJECT_NAME(pt.constraint_object_id),
    Referencing_table = QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(pt.parent_object_id))
            + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(pt.parent_object_id)),
    Referencing_col = QUOTENAME(pc.name), 
    Referenced_table = QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(pt.referenced_object_id)) 
            + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(pt.referenced_object_id)),
    Referenced_col = QUOTENAME(rc.name)
FROM sys.foreign_key_columns AS pt
INNER JOIN sys.columns AS pc
ON pt.parent_object_id = pc.[object_id]
AND pt.parent_column_id = pc.column_id
INNER JOIN sys.columns AS rc
ON pt.referenced_column_id = rc.column_id
AND pt.referenced_object_id = rc.[object_id]
ORDER BY Referencing_table, FK, pt.constraint_column_id;

如果您在特定主键约束的列之后，并且您已经知道该 PK 约束的名称，则可以这样写：

DECLARE @PK_Constraint SYSNAME = N'Name of PK constraint';

SELECT
    FK = OBJECT_NAME(fkc.constraint_object_id),
    Referencing_table = QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(fkc.parent_object_id))
            + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(fkc.parent_object_id)),
    Referencing_col = QUOTENAME(pc.name), 
    Referenced_table = QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(fkc.referenced_object_id)) 
            + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(fkc.referenced_object_id)),
    Referenced_col = QUOTENAME(rc.name)
FROM sys.foreign_key_columns AS fkc
INNER JOIN sys.columns AS pc
ON fkc.parent_object_id = pc.[object_id]
AND fkc.parent_column_id = pc.column_id
INNER JOIN sys.columns AS rc
ON fkc.referenced_column_id = rc.column_id
AND fkc.referenced_object_id = rc.[object_id]
WHERE EXISTS 
(
  SELECT 1 FROM sys.indexes AS i
  INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys AS fk
  ON i.[object_id] = fk.referenced_object_id
  AND i.index_id = fk.key_index_id
  AND fk.[object_id] = fkc.constraint_object_id
  AND i.name = @PK_Constraint
)
ORDER BY Referencing_table, FK, fkc.constraint_column_id;

如果您只想包含 PK 名称以及其他信息：

SELECT 
    FK = OBJECT_NAME(fkc.constraint_object_id),
    Referencing_table = QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(fkc.parent_object_id))
            + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(fkc.parent_object_id)),
    Referencing_col = QUOTENAME(pc.name),
    Referenced_table = QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(fkc.referenced_object_id)) 
            + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(fkc.referenced_object_id)),
    Referenced_col = QUOTENAME(rc.name),
    PK = pk.name
FROM sys.foreign_key_columns AS fkc
INNER JOIN sys.columns AS pc
ON fkc.parent_object_id = pc.[object_id]
AND fkc.parent_column_id = pc.column_id
INNER JOIN sys.columns AS rc
ON fkc.referenced_column_id = rc.column_id
AND fkc.referenced_object_id = rc.[object_id]
INNER JOIN (SELECT i.name, fk.[object_id]
  FROM sys.indexes AS i
  INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys AS fk
  ON i.[object_id] = fk.referenced_object_id
  AND i.index_id = fk.key_index_id
) AS pk
ON pk.[object_id] = fkc.constraint_object_id
ORDER BY Referencing_table, FK, fkc.constraint_column_id;

还有一些技巧可以将列列表放入以逗号分隔的列表或单个列中，而不是跨行分布，但在我确切知道哪种形式之前，我不会投资修改这些查询来生成它你在追求。