如何在 Ubuntu 上安装最新的 Python 2.7.X 或 3.X？

Question

我想在 Ubuntu 上安装最新的 Python tarball，从http://python.org/download/下载。

这是正确的安装方法吗？

./configure
make
make install

如果没有，我该怎么做？

Answer 1

首先，安装一些依赖项：

sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev

然后使用以下命令下载：

version=2.7.13
cd ~/Downloads/
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/$version/Python-$version.tgz

解压并进入目录：

tar -xvf Python-$version.tgz
cd Python-$version

现在，使用您刚刚尝试过的命令checkinstall进行安装，如果需要，使用它可以更轻松地卸载：

./configure
make
sudo checkinstall

更改version为您需要的任何版本（version=2.7.1或version=3.6.0，例如）。

Answer 2

除非你真的很想自己编译它，否则首选的方法是使用DeadSnakes PPA来安装默认不包含的 Python 版本：

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python2.7

也可以使用其他版本，例如python2.4或python3.6等。

Answer 3

Continuing to document this for the latest Ubuntu releases¹ : for Ubuntu 16.04.1 server, the default Python is version 3.5, and Python 2.7 is not installed by default. On a fresh install (note that there's not even a python executable):

$ type python3 python2 python 
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
-bash: type: python2: not found
-bash: type: python: not found

$ python3 --version 
Python 3.5.2

$ python --version 
The program 'python' can be found in the following packages:
 * python-minimal
 * python3
Try: sudo apt install <selected package>

Note: before continuing, you will probably want to do a quick sudo apt-get update, sudo apt-get upgrade, and sudo apt-get dist-upgrade (please do note exactly what these commands are in fact doing; I'm assuming a fresh install here.)

Installing python 2.7 is as easy as:

$ sudo apt-get install python2.7

The initial output of installing python 2.7 is as follows:

$ sudo apt-get install python2.7
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python2.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
  python2.7-doc binutils binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python2.7 python2.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,735 kB of archives.
After this operation, 15.8 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
...etc, etc...

After installing python 2.7,

$ type python3 python2.7 python3.5 python2 python
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python2.7 is /usr/bin/python2.7
python3.5 is /usr/bin/python3.5
bash: type: python2: not found
bash: type: python: not found

But there's still a problem, since you can't yet install PyPI modules via pip -- e.g., if you want jupyter notebook, or the latest scipy or numpy (etc), you'll want to install pip and then pip install those, and still turning to apt-get to install any needed system dependencies, like graphviz or core system libraries.

$ type pip3 pip2 pip
bash: type: pip3: not found
bash: type: pip2: not found
bash: type: pip: not found

$ python3 -m pip --version 
/usr/bin/python3: No module named pip

So to install pip, again, it's as easy as sudo apt-get install python-pip :

$ sudo apt-cache search -n pip | egrep '^python[0-9]*-pip'
python-pip - alternative Python package installer
python-pip-whl - alternative Python package installer
python3-pip - alternative Python package installer - Python 3 version of the package

You'll need both python-pip for the Python 2.7 pip and the python3-pip for the Python 3 pip. The installation via apt-get is sure to install the required dependencies; e.g, here's the output for installing pip2:

$ sudo apt-get install python-pip
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  binutils build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl
  libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
  libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev
  libgomp1 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpx0 libpython-all-dev libpython-dev libpython-stdlib libpython2.7
  libpython2.7-dev libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev make
  manpages-dev python python-all python-all-dev python-dev python-minimal python-pip-whl
  python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-wheel python2.7-dev
Suggested packages:
  binutils-doc debian-keyring g++-multilib g++-5-multilib gcc-5-doc libstdc++6-5-dbg gcc-multilib
  autoconf automake libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-5-multilib gcc-5-locales libgcc1-dbg
  libgomp1-dbg libitm1-dbg libatomic1-dbg libasan2-dbg liblsan0-dbg libtsan0-dbg libubsan0-dbg
  libcilkrts5-dbg libmpx0-dbg libquadmath0-dbg glibc-doc libstdc++-5-doc make-doc python-doc
  python-tk python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  binutils build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl
  libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
  libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev
  libgomp1 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpx0 libpython-all-dev libpython-dev libpython-stdlib libpython2.7
  libpython2.7-dev libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev make
  manpages-dev python python-all python-all-dev python-dev python-minimal python-pip
  python-pip-whl python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-wheel python2.7-dev
0 upgraded, 49 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 61.1 MB of archives.
After this operation, 169 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
...etc...

An interesting thing happens as a result of this: you now have the "standard" (and PEP recommended) python2 and python3 (which are just symlinks to python 2.7 and python 3.5):

$ type python3 python2 python python2.7 python3.5 
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python2 is /usr/bin/python2
python is /usr/bin/python
python2.7 is /usr/bin/python2.7
python3.5 is /usr/bin/python3.5

You'll also want to sudo apt-get install python3-pip; before you install, you have:

$ type pip pip2 pip3
pip is /usr/bin/pip
pip2 is /usr/bin/pip2
-bash: type: pip3: not found

$ python2 -m pip --version 
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)

$ python3 -m pip --version 
/usr/bin/python3: No module named pip

After installing pip3,

$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.5-dev
Suggested packages:
  python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3-pip python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.5-dev
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 38.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 55.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
...etc...

The resulting versions:

$ type python python2 python3 pip pip2 pip3
python is /usr/bin/python
python2 is hashed (/usr/bin/python2)
python3 is hashed (/usr/bin/python3)
pip is /usr/bin/pip
pip2 is /usr/bin/pip2
pip3 is /usr/bin/pip3

$ pip --version 
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)

$ pip3 --version 
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.5)

$ python2 -m pip --version 
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)

$ python3 -m pip --version 
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.5)

And one last thing before you can go and start installing all your favorite python PyPI modules: you'll probably have to upgrade pip itself (both pip2 and pip3, separately; also, it doesn't matter if pip is invoked via the python executables or the pip executables, the actual upgrades are stored in /usr/lib):

$ sudo -H python2 -m pip install --upgrade pip
...
$ sudo -H python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
...

You can now run either the stand-alone pip or the version bundled within python (via python -m pip {command}).

[1]历史回顾：较旧的 Ubuntu 只有 Python 2.6，因此安装了 Python 2.7+ 的所有各种方法。后来，在将 Python 2.7 添加到公共存储库之后，我们仍然面临着安装最新的 Python 2.7 和最新修复程序的同样挑战，这（太）经常需要。今天的情况要好得多/简单得多：现在公共存储库中的当前 Python 2.7 和 3.5（基本上是人们关心的唯一两个 Python 平台版本）非常稳定，所以现在我们真的只需要担心安装最新的python模块，而不是最新的python。所以现在 Python 的“最新版本问题”已经部分地从 OS repos &apt转移到 PyPI & 中pip。）

Answer 4

12.04

如果您遵循Achu 的回答，则该术语libread5-dev应更改为libreadline-gplv2-dev。所以完整的命令是：

sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev

Answer 5

也可以通过pyenv下载安装

#Install Pyenv
git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv
export PATH=~/.pyenv/bin:/usr/local/hadoop/bin/:$PATH
echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="~/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.bash_profile

#Install Python
pyenv install 2.7.8
pyenv global 2.7.8

pyenv install 3.4.5
pyenv global 3.4.5