Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial Xerus) 上的全盘问题

Question

我想做更新，但我的磁盘似乎已满。我试过：

sudo apt-get install -f

但它给了我以下输出：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Correcting dependencies... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
checkbox-ng fonts-inconsolata gir1.2-gconf-2.0 ko.tex-extra-hlfont
latex-sanskrit libarchive-extract-perl libboost-date-time1.54.0
libboost-system1.54.0 libcmis-0.4-4 libcolamd2.8.0 libept1.4.12 libglamor0
libglew1.10 libglewmx1.10 libgnome-desktop-3-7 libgphoto2-port10 libilmbase6
libimobiledevice4 libintl-perl libisl10 libllvm3.4 liblog-message-perl
liblog-message-simple-perl libmagick++5 libmagickcore5 libmagickcore5-extra
libmagickwand5 libmbim-glib0 libmodule-pluggable-perl libmodule-runtime-perl
libntdb1 libopenexr6 liborcus-0.6-0 libparams-classify-perl libpocketsphinx1
libpod-latex-perl libpoppler44 libprocps3 libprotobuf8 libprotoc8
libqmi-glib0 libqpdf13 libqt5qml-graphicaleffects libqt5sensors5
libqt5webkit5-qmlwebkitplugin libraw9 librhythmbox-core8 libsphinxbase1
libspice-server1 libsystemd-journal0 libsystemd-login0 libterm-ui-perl
libtext-soundex-perl libthumbnailer0 libunityvoice1 libupstart1 libxdelta2
libxtables10 linux-headers-3.13.0-29 linux-headers-3.13.0-29-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-62 linux-headers-3.13.0-62-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-95 linux-headers-3.13.0-95-generic
linux-headers-4.4.0-36 linux-headers-4.4.0-36-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-37
linux-headers-4.4.0-37-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-38
linux-headers-4.4.0-38-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-39
linux-headers-4.4.0-39-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-40
linux-headers-4.4.0-40-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-41
linux-headers-4.4.0-41-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-44
linux-headers-4.4.0-44-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-46
linux-headers-4.4.0-46-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-49
linux-headers-4.4.0-49-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-51
linux-headers-4.4.0-51-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-52
linux-headers-4.4.0-52-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-53
linux-image-3.11.0-19-generic linux-image-4.4.0-36-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-37-generic linux-image-4.4.0-38-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-39-generic linux-image-4.4.0-40-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-41-generic linux-image-4.4.0-44-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-46-generic linux-image-4.4.0-49-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-51-generic linux-image-4.4.0-52-generic
linux-image-extra-3.11.0-19-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-36-generic
linux-image-extra-4.4.0-37-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-38-generic
linux-image-extra-4.4.0-39-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-40-generic
linux-image-extra-4.4.0-41-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-44-generic
linux-image-extra-4.4.0-46-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-49-generic
linux-image-extra-4.4.0-51-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-52-generic m-tx
musixtex perlmagick pmx python-commandnotfound python-gdbm python-imaging-tk
python-ntdb python3-checkbox qml-module-qtquick-dialogs
qml-module-qtquick-localstorage qml-module-qtquick-privatewidgets
qml-module-ubuntu-ui-extras-browser qtdeclarative5-dialogs-plugin
qtdeclarative5-localstorage-plugin qtdeclarative5-privatewidgets-plugin
qtdeclarative5-qtfeedback-plugin
qtdeclarative5-ubuntu-ui-extras-browser-plugin
qtdeclarative5-ubuntu-ui-extras-browser-plugin-assets
qtdeclarative5-window-plugin sphinx-voxforge-hmm-en sphinx-voxforge-lm-en
swath ubuntu-core-launcher unity-scope-audacious unity-scope-clementine
unity-scope-gmusicbrowser unity-scope-gourmet unity-scope-guayadeque
unity-scope-musique unity-voice-service xdelta
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
linux-headers-4.4.0-57 linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic
The following NEW packages will be installed:
linux-headers-4.4.0-57 linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 63 not upgraded.
2 not fully installed or removed.
Need to get 10,7 MB of archives.
After this operation, 77,8 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [O/n] o
Get:1 http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.4.0-57 all 4.4.0-57.78 [9 949 kB]
Get:2 http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic amd64 4.4.0-57.78 [779 kB]
Fetched 10,7 MB in 17s (610 kB/s)
(Reading database ... 1254217 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.4.0-57_4.4.0-57.78_all.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.4.0-57 (4.4.0-57.78) ...
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-headers 4.4.0-57_4.4.0-57.78_all.deb (--unpack):
unable to create '/usr/src/linux-headers-4.4.0-57/include/linux/capability.h.dpkg-new' (while processing './usr/src/linux-headers-4.4.0-57/include/linux/capability.h'): No space left on device
No apport report written because the error message indicates a disk full error
dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)
Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic_4.4.0-57.78_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic (4.4.0-57.78) ...
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic_4.4.0-57.78_amd64.deb (--unpack):
error creating directory './usr/src/linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic/include/config/cross/memory': No space left on device
No apport report written because the error message indicates a disk full error
dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-headers-4.4.0-57_4.4.0-57.78_all.deb
 /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic_4.4.0-57.78_amd64.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

df 给出这个输出：

 Filesystem     1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev             1941224        0   1941224   0% /dev
tmpfs             392292     6416    385876   2% /run
/dev/sda5       20027728 17160304   1827020  91% /
tmpfs            1961444     2952   1958492   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs               5120        4      5116   1% /run/lock
tmpfs            1961444        0   1961444   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda6      139057128 45511572  86458812  35% /home
cgmfs                100        0       100   0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs             392292      108    392184   1% /run/user/1001

sudo fdisk -l 给出了这个：

Disk /dev/ram0: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

 (edit: 15 more ram devices with the same size)

Disk /dev/sda: 232,9 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe0a42c14

Device     Boot     Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1              63     80324     80262  39,2M de Dell Utility
/dev/sda2  *        81920   1622015   1540096   752M  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3         1622016 160710655 159088640  75,9G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda4       160712702 488394751 327682050 156,3G  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       160712704 201673641  40960938  19,5G 83 Linux
/dev/sda6       201674752 484489205 282814454 134,9G 83 Linux
/dev/sda7       484489216 488394751   3905536   1,9G 82 Linux swap / Solaris

ls /usr/src 输出：

bcmwl-6.30.223.248+bdcom         linux-headers-3.13.0-66-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-86-generic  linux-headers-3.8.0-35          linux-headers-4.4.0-44-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-29          linux-headers-3.13.0-67          linux-headers-3.13.0-87          linux-headers-4.4.0-36          linux-headers-4.4.0-46
linux-headers-3.13.0-29-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-67-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-87-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-36-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-46-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-46          linux-headers-3.13.0-74          linux-headers-3.13.0-88          linux-headers-4.4.0-37          linux-headers-4.4.0-49
linux-headers-3.13.0-46-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-74-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-88-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-37-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-49-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-62          linux-headers-3.13.0-78          linux-headers-3.13.0-93          linux-headers-4.4.0-38          linux-headers-4.4.0-51
linux-headers-3.13.0-62-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-78-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-93-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-38-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-51-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-63          linux-headers-3.13.0-80          linux-headers-3.13.0-94          linux-headers-4.4.0-39          linux-headers-4.4.0-52
linux-headers-3.13.0-63-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-80-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-94-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-39-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-52-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-64          linux-headers-3.13.0-82          linux-headers-3.13.0-95          linux-headers-4.4.0-40          linux-headers-4.4.0-53
linux-headers-3.13.0-64-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-82-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-95-generic  linux-headers-4.4.0-40-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-65          linux-headers-3.13.0-85          linux-headers-3.8.0-19           linux-headers-4.4.0-41
linux-headers-3.13.0-65-generic  linux-headers-3.13.0-85-generic  linux-headers-3.8.0-32           linux-headers-4.4.0-41-generic
linux-headers-3.13.0-66          linux-headers-3.13.0-86          linux-headers-3.8.0-34           linux-headers-4.4.0-44

编辑：正如下面的评论和问题所建议的，这是df -i输出：

Filesystem      Inodes   IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
udev            485306     582  484724    1% /dev
tmpfs           490361     854  489507    1% /run
/dev/sda5      1281120 1278500    2620  100% /
tmpfs           490361      17  490344    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           490361       6  490355    1% /run/lock
tmpfs           490361      18  490343    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda6      8839168   81878 8757290    1% /home
cgmfs           490361      14  490347    1% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs           490361      45  490316    1% /run/user/1001

Answer 1

您安装了很多内核，它们占用了大量空间（每个内核 300 MiB）。您还有许多其他软件包作为依赖项安装，但由于各种原因不再需要。

您可以使用以下命令安全地清理所有内容：

sudo apt autoremove

因此，正如您在评论中所解释的那样，在这样做之后，您收到以下错误：

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 linux-headers-generic : Depends: linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic but it is not installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f.

你正处于困境中！在清理软件包之前，APT 想要修复当前的软件包，即安装丢失的软件包。但是没有空间！

在这种情况下需要做的是通过其他方式释放磁盘空间。也许您有可以删除的旧文件和临时文件。但是由于您上面的命令有用地列出了许多不再需要的软件包，我们可以使用该dpkg命令手动删除其中一些软件包。

请注意，dpkg不经过深思熟虑就使用可能是危险的。

该linux-image和linux-image-extra占用大量的空间，让我们采取一些从列表中不再需要不与删除它们dpkg：

sudo dpkg --remove linux-image-extra-4.4.0-36-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-image-4.4.0-36-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-image-extra-4.4.0-37-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-image-4.4.0-37-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-image-extra-4.4.0-38-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-image-4.4.0-38-generic

编辑：事实证明这并没有解决问题。在聊天中讨论后，按照这里其他人的建议，您运行df -i并发现您的分区“只能”存储120万个文件，并且所有插槽都被使用了。

该linux-headers包不一样大linux-image，但它们含有大量的文件。因此，让我们从不再需要的列表中取出一些并使用以下命令删除它们dpkg：

sudo dpkg --remove linux-headers-4.4.0-36 linux-headers-4.4.0-36-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-headers-4.4.0-37 linux-headers-4.4.0-37-generic
sudo dpkg --remove linux-headers-4.4.0-38 linux-headers-4.4.0-38-generic

现在磁盘空间和 inode 已被释放，可以安装缺少的包：

sudo apt install linux-headers-4.4.0-57 linux-headers-4.4.0-57-generic

现在 APT 很高兴安装了所有软件包依赖项并且机器上一切正常，我们可以告诉它自动删除所有不再需要的软件包：

sudo apt autoremove